WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

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getting<00:00:05.100><c> an</c><00:00:05.190><c> aircraft</c><00:00:05.669><c> off</c><00:00:05.879><c> the</c><00:00:06.000><c> ground</c><00:00:06.270><c> is</c>

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getting an aircraft off the ground is
 

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getting an aircraft off the ground is
something<00:00:06.899><c> that</c><00:00:07.020><c> millions</c><00:00:07.229><c> of</c><00:00:07.529><c> passengers</c>

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something that millions of passengers
 

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something that millions of passengers
take<00:00:08.340><c> for</c><00:00:08.550><c> granted</c><00:00:08.760><c> every</c><00:00:09.240><c> day</c><00:00:09.740><c> but</c><00:00:10.740><c> actually</c>

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take for granted every day but actually
 

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take for granted every day but actually
it's<00:00:11.639><c> quite</c><00:00:11.910><c> a</c><00:00:12.000><c> complex</c><00:00:12.480><c> problem</c><00:00:12.839><c> for</c><00:00:13.230><c> the</c>

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it's quite a complex problem for the
 

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it's quite a complex problem for the
designers<00:00:13.889><c> of</c><00:00:14.040><c> air</c><00:00:14.190><c> and</c><00:00:14.639><c> for</c><00:00:15.450><c> air</c><00:00:15.629><c> travel</c>

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designers of air and for air travel
 

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designers of air and for air travel
regulators<00:00:19.730><c> aircraft</c><00:00:20.730><c> have</c><00:00:20.910><c> to</c><00:00:21.030><c> operate</c>

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regulators aircraft have to operate
 

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regulators aircraft have to operate
within<00:00:21.630><c> a</c><00:00:21.780><c> wide</c><00:00:22.020><c> margin</c><00:00:22.350><c> of</c><00:00:22.770><c> error</c><00:00:22.950><c> to</c><00:00:23.280><c> ensure</c>

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within a wide margin of error to ensure
 

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within a wide margin of error to ensure
safely<00:00:24.540><c> and</c><00:00:24.780><c> the</c><00:00:25.380><c> ability</c><00:00:25.830><c> of</c><00:00:25.920><c> an</c><00:00:26.010><c> airplane</c><00:00:26.400><c> to</c>

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safely and the ability of an airplane to
 

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safely and the ability of an airplane to
be<00:00:26.760><c> on</c><00:00:26.970><c> airport</c><00:00:27.390><c> is</c><00:00:27.690><c> affected</c><00:00:28.290><c> by</c><00:00:28.440><c> many</c>

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be on airport is affected by many
 

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be on airport is affected by many
variables<00:00:29.930><c> the</c><00:00:30.930><c> airplane</c><00:00:31.350><c> is</c><00:00:31.650><c> required</c><00:00:32.070><c> to</c><00:00:32.250><c> be</c>

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variables the airplane is required to be
 

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variables the airplane is required to be
able<00:00:32.430><c> to</c><00:00:32.579><c> accelerate</c><00:00:33.059><c> up</c><00:00:33.090><c> to</c><00:00:33.239><c> what</c><00:00:33.540><c> we</c><00:00:33.660><c> call</c>

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able to accelerate up to what we call
 

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able to accelerate up to what we call
decision<00:00:34.260><c> speed</c><00:00:34.500><c> v1</c><00:00:34.829><c> and</c><00:00:35.280><c> then</c><00:00:35.609><c> stop</c><00:00:36.059><c> on</c><00:00:36.329><c> the</c>

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decision speed v1 and then stop on the
 

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decision speed v1 and then stop on the
available<00:00:36.960><c> runway</c><00:00:37.289><c> the</c><00:00:38.100><c> heavier</c><00:00:38.429><c> you</c><00:00:38.670><c> are</c>

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available runway the heavier you are
 

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available runway the heavier you are
obviously<00:00:39.449><c> the</c><00:00:40.289><c> longer</c><00:00:40.530><c> it's</c><00:00:40.739><c> going</c><00:00:40.829><c> to</c><00:00:40.890><c> take</c>

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obviously the longer it's going to take
 

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obviously the longer it's going to take
to<00:00:41.190><c> accelerate</c><00:00:41.670><c> the</c><00:00:42.059><c> faster</c><00:00:42.420><c> you</c><00:00:42.480><c> have</c><00:00:42.570><c> to</c><00:00:42.690><c> get</c>

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to accelerate the faster you have to get
 

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to accelerate the faster you have to get
going<00:00:42.989><c> initially</c><00:00:43.589><c> anyway</c><00:00:43.890><c> since</c><00:00:44.070><c> you're</c>

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going initially anyway since you're
 

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going initially anyway since you're
carrying<00:00:44.460><c> more</c><00:00:44.579><c> weight</c><00:00:44.640><c> off</c><00:00:44.910><c> the</c><00:00:45.030><c> ground</c><00:00:45.239><c> and</c>

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carrying more weight off the ground and
 

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carrying more weight off the ground and
the<00:00:45.899><c> longer</c><00:00:46.230><c> it's</c><00:00:46.320><c> going</c><00:00:46.409><c> to</c><00:00:46.469><c> take</c><00:00:46.559><c> to</c><00:00:46.769><c> stop</c><00:00:47.010><c> so</c>

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the longer it's going to take to stop so
 

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the longer it's going to take to stop so
if<00:00:47.850><c> you</c><00:00:47.940><c> only</c><00:00:48.059><c> have</c><00:00:48.269><c> a</c><00:00:48.510><c> fixed</c><00:00:48.960><c> amount</c><00:00:49.050><c> of</c>

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if you only have a fixed amount of
 

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if you only have a fixed amount of
runway<00:00:49.589><c> you're</c><00:00:50.399><c> going</c><00:00:50.519><c> to</c><00:00:50.609><c> have</c><00:00:50.699><c> a</c><00:00:50.730><c> certain</c>

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runway you're going to have a certain
 

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runway you're going to have a certain
weight<00:00:51.239><c> limit</c><00:00:51.570><c> the</c><00:00:51.929><c> other</c><00:00:52.109><c> requirement</c><00:00:52.649><c> that</c>

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weight limit the other requirement that
 

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weight limit the other requirement that
we<00:00:52.829><c> have</c><00:00:52.859><c> is</c><00:00:53.190><c> we</c><00:00:53.280><c> have</c><00:00:53.370><c> to</c><00:00:53.460><c> be</c><00:00:53.519><c> able</c><00:00:53.609><c> to</c>

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we have is we have to be able to
 

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we have is we have to be able to
maintain<00:00:53.879><c> a</c><00:00:54.359><c> certain</c><00:00:54.690><c> clime</c><00:00:55.409><c> gradient</c><00:00:56.010><c> after</c>

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maintain a certain clime gradient after
 

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maintain a certain clime gradient after
takeoff<00:00:56.850><c> if</c><00:00:57.179><c> we</c><00:00:57.390><c> lost</c><00:00:57.629><c> one</c><00:00:57.899><c> engine</c><00:00:58.280><c> which</c>

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takeoff if we lost one engine which
 

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takeoff if we lost one engine which
means<00:00:59.579><c> the</c><00:01:00.089><c> airplane</c><00:01:00.539><c> can</c><00:01:00.749><c> only</c><00:01:00.870><c> weigh</c><00:01:01.079><c> X</c>

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means the airplane can only weigh X
 

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means the airplane can only weigh X
amount<00:01:01.829><c> for</c><00:01:02.159><c> a</c><00:01:02.219><c> given</c><00:01:02.550><c> day</c><00:01:02.729><c> it's</c><00:01:03.089><c> you</c><00:01:03.510><c> know</c>

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amount for a given day it's you know
 

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amount for a given day it's you know
certain<00:01:03.929><c> temperature</c><00:01:04.320><c> in</c><00:01:04.409><c> elevation</c><00:01:04.920><c> the</c>

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certain temperature in elevation the
 

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certain temperature in elevation the
airplane<00:01:06.180><c> will</c><00:01:06.360><c> only</c><00:01:06.450><c> climb</c><00:01:06.980><c> X</c><00:01:07.980><c> altitude</c><00:01:08.880><c> you</c>

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airplane will only climb X altitude you
 

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airplane will only climb X altitude you
know<00:01:09.180><c> XP</c><00:01:09.540><c> per</c><00:01:09.720><c> minute</c><00:01:10.020><c> based</c><00:01:10.260><c> on</c><00:01:10.470><c> its</c><00:01:10.590><c> weight</c>

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know XP per minute based on its weight
 

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know XP per minute based on its weight
the<00:01:11.270><c> airport</c><00:01:12.270><c> in</c><00:01:12.420><c> Aspen</c><00:01:12.870><c> sits</c><00:01:13.830><c> at</c><00:01:14.040><c> nearly</c>

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the airport in Aspen sits at nearly
 

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the airport in Aspen sits at nearly
2,400<00:01:15.150><c> meters</c><00:01:15.660><c> above</c><00:01:16.080><c> sea</c><00:01:16.350><c> level</c><00:01:16.700><c> surrounded</c>

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2,400 meters above sea level surrounded
 

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2,400 meters above sea level surrounded
by<00:01:17.850><c> high</c><00:01:18.150><c> mountain</c><00:01:18.660><c> peaks</c><00:01:19.010><c> this</c><00:01:20.010><c> high</c>

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by high mountain peaks this high
 

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by high mountain peaks this high
altitude<00:01:20.430><c> and</c><00:01:21.090><c> terrain</c><00:01:21.780><c> makes</c><00:01:22.080><c> operating</c>

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altitude and terrain makes operating
 

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altitude and terrain makes operating
passenger<00:01:23.220><c> aircraft</c><00:01:23.700><c> quite</c><00:01:23.970><c> challenging</c><00:01:24.980><c> at</c>

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passenger aircraft quite challenging at
 

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passenger aircraft quite challenging at
this<00:01:26.220><c> altitude</c><00:01:26.430><c> aircraft</c><00:01:27.300><c> performance</c>

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this altitude aircraft performance
 

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this altitude aircraft performance
declines<00:01:28.290><c> and</c><00:01:28.620><c> is</c><00:01:29.100><c> affected</c><00:01:29.550><c> even</c><00:01:29.670><c> more</c><00:01:30.120><c> when</c>

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declines and is affected even more when
 

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declines and is affected even more when
the<00:01:30.510><c> temperature</c><00:01:31.020><c> rises</c><00:01:31.970><c> with</c><00:01:32.970><c> less</c><00:01:33.210><c> air</c><00:01:33.420><c> to</c>

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the temperature rises with less air to
 

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the temperature rises with less air to
generate<00:01:34.170><c> lift</c><00:01:34.500><c> and</c><00:01:34.770><c> mountains</c><00:01:35.550><c> all</c><00:01:35.700><c> around</c>

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generate lift and mountains all around
 

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generate lift and mountains all around
the<00:01:36.810><c> performance</c><00:01:37.320><c> of</c><00:01:37.530><c> the</c><00:01:37.620><c> aeroplane</c><00:01:37.980><c> becomes</c>

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the performance of the aeroplane becomes
 

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the performance of the aeroplane becomes
critical

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critical
 

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critical
the<00:01:40.080><c> FAA</c><00:01:40.380><c> requires</c><00:01:40.890><c> certain</c><00:01:41.760><c> performance</c>

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the FAA requires certain performance
 

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the FAA requires certain performance
minimums<00:01:42.780><c> out</c><00:01:43.230><c> of</c><00:01:43.440><c> all</c><00:01:43.560><c> the</c><00:01:43.680><c> airplanes</c><00:01:43.950><c> and</c><00:01:44.400><c> in</c>

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minimums out of all the airplanes and in
 

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minimums out of all the airplanes and in
to<00:01:44.610><c> meet</c><00:01:44.820><c> that</c><00:01:45.060><c> performance</c><00:01:45.630><c> requirement</c>

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to meet that performance requirement
 

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to meet that performance requirement
when<00:01:46.800><c> it</c><00:01:46.920><c> gets</c><00:01:47.070><c> warm</c><00:01:47.400><c> and</c><00:01:47.700><c> at</c><00:01:47.940><c> high</c><00:01:48.060><c> elevations</c>

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when it gets warm and at high elevations
 

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when it gets warm and at high elevations
airplanes<00:01:49.170><c> have</c><00:01:49.320><c> to</c><00:01:49.410><c> leave</c><00:01:49.620><c> weight</c><00:01:49.830><c> behind</c><00:01:50.070><c> in</c>

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airplanes have to leave weight behind in
 

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airplanes have to leave weight behind in
order<00:01:50.730><c> to</c><00:01:50.820><c> make</c><00:01:51.000><c> that</c><00:01:51.180><c> so</c><00:01:51.960><c> the</c><00:01:52.050><c> warmer</c><00:01:52.350><c> it</c><00:01:52.410><c> gets</c>

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order to make that so the warmer it gets
 

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order to make that so the warmer it gets
the<00:01:52.800><c> less</c><00:01:53.460><c> weight</c><00:01:53.760><c> that</c><00:01:54.120><c> an</c><00:01:54.240><c> airplane</c><00:01:54.570><c> can</c>

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the less weight that an airplane can
 

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the less weight that an airplane can
takeoff<00:01:55.050><c> at</c><00:01:55.320><c> and</c><00:01:55.530><c> at</c><00:01:55.590><c> the</c><00:01:55.710><c> same</c><00:01:55.920><c> altitude</c>

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takeoff at and at the same altitude
 

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takeoff at and at the same altitude
essentially<00:01:57.270><c> and</c><00:01:57.890><c> being</c><00:01:58.890><c> up</c><00:01:59.010><c> at</c><00:01:59.130><c> 8,000</c><00:01:59.580><c> feet</c>

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essentially and being up at 8,000 feet
 

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essentially and being up at 8,000 feet
that<00:02:00.240><c> means</c><00:02:00.540><c> a</c><00:02:00.750><c> lot</c><00:02:01.020><c> of</c><00:02:01.230><c> times</c><00:02:01.500><c> especially</c>

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that means a lot of times especially
 

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that means a lot of times especially
during<00:02:02.370><c> the</c><00:02:02.490><c> summers</c><00:02:02.960><c> the</c><00:02:03.960><c> commercial</c>

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during the summers the commercial
 

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during the summers the commercial
airlines<00:02:04.680><c> are</c><00:02:04.860><c> limited</c><00:02:05.310><c> in</c><00:02:05.400><c> the</c><00:02:05.460><c> maximum</c>

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airlines are limited in the maximum
 

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airlines are limited in the maximum
weight<00:02:06.000><c> they</c><00:02:06.180><c> can</c><00:02:06.210><c> carry</c><00:02:06.720><c> obviously</c><00:02:07.350><c> you</c>

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weight they can carry obviously you
 

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weight they can carry obviously you
can't<00:02:07.740><c> shave</c><00:02:08.250><c> off</c><00:02:08.459><c> much</c><00:02:08.729><c> fuel</c><00:02:09.119><c> so</c><00:02:09.869><c> the</c><00:02:09.989><c> only</c>

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can't shave off much fuel so the only
 

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can't shave off much fuel so the only
thing<00:02:10.319><c> leave</c><00:02:10.499><c> behind</c><00:02:10.649><c> is</c><00:02:11.039><c> people</c><00:02:11.549><c> in</c><00:02:11.640><c> baggage</c>

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thing leave behind is people in baggage
 

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thing leave behind is people in baggage
and<00:02:12.860><c> that's</c><00:02:13.069><c> what</c><00:02:13.189><c> they</c><00:02:13.280><c> have</c><00:02:13.370><c> to</c><00:02:13.489><c> do</c><00:02:14.140><c> as</c><00:02:15.140><c> a</c>

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and that's what they have to do as a
 

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and that's what they have to do as a
consequence<00:02:15.829><c> commercial</c><00:02:16.790><c> aircraft</c><00:02:17.269><c> must</c>

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consequence commercial aircraft must
 

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consequence commercial aircraft must
leave<00:02:18.019><c> passengers</c><00:02:18.709><c> behind</c><00:02:19.480><c> what's</c><00:02:20.480><c> a</c><00:02:20.629><c> safe</c>

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leave passengers behind what's a safe
 

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leave passengers behind what's a safe
number<00:02:21.349><c> of</c><00:02:21.500><c> people</c><00:02:22.390><c> to</c><00:02:23.390><c> work</c><00:02:23.510><c> this</c><00:02:23.719><c> out</c><00:02:23.900><c> we</c>

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number of people to work this out we
 

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number of people to work this out we
have<00:02:24.980><c> to</c><00:02:25.129><c> appreciate</c><00:02:25.700><c> the</c><00:02:25.879><c> idea</c><00:02:26.030><c> of</c><00:02:26.510><c> a</c><00:02:27.140><c> normal</c>

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have to appreciate the idea of a normal
 

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have to appreciate the idea of a normal
distribution<00:02:31.420><c> people</c><00:02:32.420><c> on</c><00:02:32.540><c> average</c><00:02:32.689><c> are</c>

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distribution people on average are
 

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distribution people on average are
getting<00:02:33.349><c> bigger</c><00:02:34.180><c> indeed</c><00:02:35.180><c> according</c><00:02:35.450><c> to</c><00:02:35.720><c> one</c>

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getting bigger indeed according to one
 

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getting bigger indeed according to one
recent<00:02:36.170><c> study</c><00:02:36.500><c> one</c><00:02:37.220><c> in</c><00:02:37.250><c> ten</c><00:02:37.640><c> of</c><00:02:37.670><c> the</c><00:02:37.909><c> world's</c>

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recent study one in ten of the world's
 

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recent study one in ten of the world's
adults<00:02:38.750><c> is</c><00:02:38.959><c> obese</c><00:02:39.220><c> that</c><00:02:40.220><c> is</c><00:02:40.400><c> having</c><00:02:40.879><c> a</c><00:02:41.030><c> body</c>

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adults is obese that is having a body
 

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adults is obese that is having a body
mass<00:02:41.599><c> index</c><00:02:41.629><c> or</c><00:02:42.349><c> BMI</c><00:02:42.879><c> at</c><00:02:43.879><c> more</c><00:02:44.180><c> than</c><00:02:44.329><c> 30</c>

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mass index or BMI at more than 30
 

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mass index or BMI at more than 30
researchers<00:02:46.579><c> have</c><00:02:46.730><c> studied</c><00:02:47.150><c> body</c><00:02:47.689><c> mass</c><00:02:47.989><c> index</c>

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researchers have studied body mass index
 

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researchers have studied body mass index
cholesterol<00:02:49.939><c> levels</c><00:02:50.389><c> blood</c><00:02:51.260><c> pressure</c><00:02:51.739><c> and</c>

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cholesterol levels blood pressure and
 

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cholesterol levels blood pressure and
tended<00:02:53.389><c> to</c><00:02:53.419><c> find</c><00:02:53.689><c> it</c><00:02:53.900><c> in</c><00:02:53.989><c> many</c><00:02:54.200><c> countries</c>

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tended to find it in many countries
 

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tended to find it in many countries
blood<00:02:55.519><c> pressure</c><00:02:55.909><c> and</c><00:02:56.269><c> cholesterol</c><00:02:57.019><c> levels</c>

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blood pressure and cholesterol levels
 

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blood pressure and cholesterol levels
have<00:02:58.400><c> been</c><00:02:58.579><c> falling</c><00:02:59.349><c> but</c><00:03:00.349><c> the</c><00:03:00.500><c> body</c><00:03:00.709><c> mass</c>

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have been falling but the body mass
 

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have been falling but the body mass
index<00:03:01.519><c> has</c><00:03:02.389><c> tended</c><00:03:02.720><c> to</c><00:03:02.750><c> rise</c><00:03:03.109><c> in</c><00:03:03.709><c> the</c><00:03:04.519><c> UK</c><00:03:04.879><c> for</c>

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index has tended to rise in the UK for
 

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index has tended to rise in the UK for
example<00:03:05.629><c> the</c><00:03:05.720><c> proportion</c><00:03:06.260><c> of</c><00:03:06.319><c> the</c><00:03:06.470><c> population</c>

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example the proportion of the population
 

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example the proportion of the population
that's<00:03:07.310><c> obese</c><00:03:07.730><c> has</c><00:03:08.329><c> more</c><00:03:08.599><c> than</c><00:03:08.720><c> doubled</c>

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that's obese has more than doubled
 

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that's obese has more than doubled
it's<00:03:10.980><c> easy</c><00:03:11.220><c> to</c><00:03:11.460><c> test</c><00:03:11.700><c> whether</c><00:03:12.510><c> medics</c>

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it's easy to test whether medics
 

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it's easy to test whether medics
consider<00:03:13.440><c> your</c><00:03:13.740><c> obese</c><00:03:14.160><c> overweight</c><00:03:15.530><c> healthy</c>

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consider your obese overweight healthy
 

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consider your obese overweight healthy
or<00:03:16.830><c> underweight</c><00:03:17.400><c> and</c><00:03:17.790><c> says</c><00:03:18.180><c> hey</c><00:03:18.450><c> 50p</c><00:03:19.440><c> to</c>

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or underweight and says hey 50p to
 

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or underweight and says hey 50p to
measure<00:03:19.860><c> weight</c><00:03:20.400><c> high</c><00:03:20.700><c> and</c><00:03:20.970><c> BMI</c><00:03:21.510><c> or</c><00:03:22.970><c> I'll</c><00:03:23.970><c> be</c>

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measure weight high and BMI or I'll be
 

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measure weight high and BMI or I'll be
mild<00:03:25.190><c> eighteen</c><00:03:26.190><c> point</c><00:03:26.460><c> five</c><00:03:26.700><c> to</c><00:03:26.940><c> 25</c><00:03:27.300><c> is</c>

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mild eighteen point five to 25 is
 

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mild eighteen point five to 25 is
considered<00:03:28.470><c> healthy</c><00:03:29.510><c> 25</c><00:03:30.510><c> to</c><00:03:30.720><c> 30</c><00:03:31.290><c> is</c>

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considered healthy 25 to 30 is
 

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considered healthy 25 to 30 is
overweight<00:03:32.420><c> over</c><00:03:33.420><c> 30</c><00:03:33.810><c> is</c><00:03:34.500><c> obese</c><00:03:35.930><c> let's</c><00:03:36.930><c> see</c>

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overweight over 30 is obese let's see
 

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overweight over 30 is obese let's see
what<00:03:37.350><c> happens</c>

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you<00:03:48.510><c> can</c><00:03:48.660><c> find</c><00:03:48.900><c> your</c><00:03:49.020><c> BMI</c><00:03:49.530><c> by</c><00:03:50.340><c> taking</c><00:03:50.760><c> your</c>

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you can find your BMI by taking your
 

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you can find your BMI by taking your
weight<00:03:51.240><c> in</c><00:03:51.480><c> kilograms</c><00:03:51.720><c> and</c><00:03:52.520><c> dividing</c><00:03:53.520><c> by</c><00:03:53.670><c> the</c>

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weight in kilograms and dividing by the
 

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weight in kilograms and dividing by the
square<00:03:54.000><c> of</c><00:03:54.480><c> your</c><00:03:54.690><c> height</c><00:03:54.990><c> in</c><00:03:55.230><c> meters</c><00:03:56.630><c> and</c><00:03:57.630><c> BMI</c>

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square of your height in meters and BMI
 

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square of your height in meters and BMI
equals<00:03:59.160><c> W</c><00:04:00.120><c> over</c><00:04:00.810><c> H</c><00:04:01.020><c> squared</c><00:04:01.640><c> where</c><00:04:02.640><c> BMI</c><00:04:03.120><c> is</c>

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equals W over H squared where BMI is
 

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equals W over H squared where BMI is
body<00:04:03.630><c> mass</c><00:04:03.720><c> index</c><00:04:04.910><c> W</c><00:04:05.910><c> equals</c><00:04:06.450><c> weight</c><00:04:06.959><c> in</c><00:04:07.170><c> kilos</c>

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body mass index W equals weight in kilos
 

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body mass index W equals weight in kilos
and<00:04:08.300><c> the</c><00:04:09.300><c> height</c><00:04:10.130><c> H</c><00:04:11.130><c> is</c><00:04:11.820><c> the</c><00:04:12.240><c> height</c><00:04:12.420><c> in</c><00:04:12.660><c> meters</c>

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and the height H is the height in meters
 

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and the height H is the height in meters
so<00:04:15.270><c> I</c><00:04:15.300><c> weigh</c><00:04:15.690><c> 79</c><00:04:16.590><c> kilograms</c><00:04:17.220><c> and</c><00:04:17.549><c> I'm</c><00:04:18.299><c> 1.8</c>

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so I weigh 79 kilograms and I'm 1.8
 

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so I weigh 79 kilograms and I'm 1.8
meters<00:04:19.620><c> high</c><00:04:19.950><c> so</c><00:04:20.540><c> my</c><00:04:21.540><c> BMI</c><00:04:22.290><c> is</c><00:04:23.419><c> W</c><00:04:24.419><c> over</c><00:04:24.810><c> H</c>

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meters high so my BMI is W over H
 

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meters high so my BMI is W over H
squared<00:04:25.880><c> which</c><00:04:26.880><c> equals</c><00:04:27.240><c> 79</c><00:04:28.110><c> over</c>

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squared which equals 79 over
 

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squared which equals 79 over
1.8<00:04:30.180><c> squared</c><00:04:31.130><c> which</c><00:04:32.130><c> equals</c><00:04:32.990><c> 24.4</c><00:04:38.090><c> so</c><00:04:39.090><c> I</c><00:04:39.120><c> need</c>

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1.8 squared which equals 24.4 so I need
 

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1.8 squared which equals 24.4 so I need
to<00:04:39.600><c> be</c><00:04:39.720><c> very</c><00:04:39.960><c> careful</c><00:04:40.470><c> now</c><00:04:40.590><c> if</c><00:04:40.890><c> I</c><00:04:41.100><c> have</c><00:04:41.220><c> to</c><00:04:41.340><c> stay</c>

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to be very careful now if I have to stay
 

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to be very careful now if I have to stay
healthy

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although<00:04:45.690><c> obesity</c><00:04:46.290><c> rates</c><00:04:46.530><c> in</c><00:04:46.710><c> many</c><00:04:46.950><c> countries</c>

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although obesity rates in many countries
 

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although obesity rates in many countries
across<00:04:47.550><c> the</c><00:04:47.760><c> world</c><00:04:47.940><c> are</c><00:04:48.360><c> increasing</c><00:04:48.990><c> and</c>

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across the world are increasing and
 

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across the world are increasing and
although<00:04:50.010><c> obesity</c><00:04:50.820><c> is</c><00:04:50.940><c> linked</c><00:04:51.210><c> to</c><00:04:51.360><c> high</c><00:04:51.540><c> blood</c>

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although obesity is linked to high blood
 

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although obesity is linked to high blood
pressure<00:04:51.930><c> and</c><00:04:52.560><c> cholesterol</c><00:04:53.210><c> mean</c><00:04:54.210><c> average</c>

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pressure and cholesterol mean average
 

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pressure and cholesterol mean average
blood<00:04:55.020><c> pressure</c><00:04:55.380><c> and</c><00:04:55.680><c> cholesterol</c><00:04:55.890><c> levels</c>

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blood pressure and cholesterol levels
 

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blood pressure and cholesterol levels
have<00:04:57.300><c> fallen</c><00:04:57.540><c> in</c><00:04:57.810><c> some</c><00:04:58.020><c> parts</c><00:04:58.350><c> of</c><00:04:58.440><c> the</c><00:04:58.500><c> world</c>

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have fallen in some parts of the world
 

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have fallen in some parts of the world
not<00:05:01.530><c> everyone</c><00:05:02.010><c> is</c><00:05:02.160><c> overweight</c><00:05:03.030><c> indeed</c><00:05:03.690><c> summer</c>

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not everyone is overweight indeed summer
 

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not everyone is overweight indeed summer
unhealthily<00:05:05.310><c> underweight</c><00:05:06.030><c> I</c><00:05:06.830><c> already</c><00:05:07.830><c> look</c>

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unhealthily underweight I already look
 

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unhealthily underweight I already look
like<00:05:08.100><c> if</c><00:05:08.460><c> we</c><00:05:08.610><c> took</c><00:05:08.820><c> the</c><00:05:09.060><c> BMI</c><00:05:09.930><c> for</c><00:05:09.990><c> the</c><00:05:10.320><c> whole</c>

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like if we took the BMI for the whole
 

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like if we took the BMI for the whole
population<00:05:10.919><c> and</c><00:05:11.690><c> plotted</c><00:05:12.690><c> that</c><00:05:12.720><c> distribution</c>

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population and plotted that distribution
 

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population and plotted that distribution
many<00:05:14.820><c> would</c><00:05:15.060><c> cluster</c><00:05:15.540><c> around</c><00:05:15.660><c> the</c><00:05:16.020><c> mean</c>

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many would cluster around the mean
 

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many would cluster around the mean
average<00:05:16.800><c> weight</c><00:05:17.040><c> some</c><00:05:17.790><c> below</c><00:05:18.090><c> average</c><00:05:18.270><c> and</c>

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average weight some below average and
 

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average weight some below average and
some<00:05:19.110><c> above</c><00:05:19.410><c> a</c><00:05:19.820><c> few</c><00:05:20.820><c> way</c><00:05:21.150><c> below</c><00:05:21.570><c> and</c><00:05:21.840><c> a</c><00:05:22.320><c> few</c><00:05:22.560><c> way</c>

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some above a few way below and a few way
 

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some above a few way below and a few way
above<00:05:24.020><c> so</c><00:05:25.020><c> this</c><00:05:25.200><c> is</c><00:05:25.320><c> what</c><00:05:25.470><c> the</c><00:05:25.620><c> picture</c><00:05:25.770><c> would</c>

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above so this is what the picture would
 

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above so this is what the picture would
be<00:05:26.160><c> like</c><00:05:26.550><c> with</c><00:05:27.270><c> a</c><00:05:27.300><c> mean</c><00:05:27.630><c> average</c><00:05:27.900><c> BMI</c><00:05:28.410><c> for</c><00:05:29.040><c> many</c>

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be like with a mean average BMI for many
 

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be like with a mean average BMI for many
societies<00:05:29.820><c> of</c><00:05:29.880><c> above</c><00:05:30.360><c> 25</c><00:05:30.990><c> as</c><00:05:32.090><c> the</c><00:05:33.090><c> BMI</c><00:05:33.570><c> the</c>

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societies of above 25 as the BMI the
 

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societies of above 25 as the BMI the
value<00:05:34.169><c> of</c><00:05:34.290><c> the</c><00:05:34.440><c> variable</c><00:05:35.010><c> increases</c><00:05:35.610><c> from</c>

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value of the variable increases from
 

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value of the variable increases from
very<00:05:36.300><c> low</c><00:05:36.570><c> levels</c><00:05:36.930><c> so</c><00:05:37.800><c> the</c><00:05:37.950><c> number</c><00:05:38.310><c> of</c><00:05:38.460><c> people</c>

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very low levels so the number of people
 

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very low levels so the number of people
the<00:05:39.240><c> frequency</c><00:05:39.840><c> of</c><00:05:39.960><c> the</c><00:05:40.080><c> observations</c>

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the frequency of the observations
 

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the frequency of the observations
increases<00:05:42.650><c> the</c><00:05:43.650><c> BMI</c><00:05:44.100><c> that</c><00:05:44.310><c> occurs</c><00:05:44.640><c> with</c><00:05:45.330><c> the</c>

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increases the BMI that occurs with the
 

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increases the BMI that occurs with the
greatest<00:05:45.870><c> frequency</c><00:05:46.110><c> as</c><00:05:46.590><c> where</c><00:05:46.800><c> the</c><00:05:46.919><c> curve</c>

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greatest frequency as where the curve
 

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greatest frequency as where the curve
reaches<00:05:47.610><c> its</c><00:05:47.760><c> maximum</c><00:05:48.919><c> so</c><00:05:49.919><c> the</c><00:05:50.040><c> mode</c><00:05:50.310><c> is</c><00:05:51.030><c> the</c>

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reaches its maximum so the mode is the
 

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reaches its maximum so the mode is the
same<00:05:51.539><c> as</c><00:05:51.720><c> the</c><00:05:51.840><c> mean</c><00:05:53.210><c> beyond</c><00:05:54.210><c> that</c><00:05:54.500><c> the</c><00:05:55.500><c> number</c>

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same as the mean beyond that the number
 

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same as the mean beyond that the number
of<00:05:55.950><c> observations</c>

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of observations
 

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of observations
declines

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indeed<00:06:01.200><c> weight</c><00:06:01.470><c> would</c><00:06:01.710><c> conform</c><00:06:02.100><c> to</c><00:06:02.340><c> the</c><00:06:02.460><c> same</c>

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indeed weight would conform to the same
 

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indeed weight would conform to the same
general<00:06:03.300><c> pattern</c><00:06:03.510><c> with</c><00:06:04.410><c> a</c><00:06:04.440><c> mean</c><00:06:04.740><c> weight</c><00:06:04.980><c> of</c>

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general pattern with a mean weight of
 

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general pattern with a mean weight of
around<00:06:05.550><c> 80</c><00:06:05.880><c> kilograms</c><00:06:07.730><c> cholesterol</c><00:06:08.730><c> levels</c>

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around 80 kilograms cholesterol levels
 

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around 80 kilograms cholesterol levels
and<00:06:09.210><c> as</c><00:06:10.020><c> we'll</c><00:06:10.230><c> see</c><00:06:10.440><c> in</c><00:06:10.560><c> the</c><00:06:10.650><c> next</c><00:06:10.800><c> film</c><00:06:11.130><c> a</c>

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and as we'll see in the next film a
 

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and as we'll see in the next film a
great<00:06:11.460><c> many</c><00:06:11.760><c> other</c><00:06:11.970><c> things</c><00:06:12.210><c> come</c><00:06:12.960><c> close</c><00:06:13.290><c> to</c>

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great many other things come close to
 

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great many other things come close to
doing<00:06:13.740><c> so</c><00:06:14.040><c> as</c><00:06:14.190><c> well</c><00:06:14.870><c> this</c><00:06:15.870><c> normal</c>

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doing so as well this normal
 

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doing so as well this normal
distribution<00:06:16.920><c> or</c><00:06:17.460><c> Gaussian</c><00:06:18.000><c> distribution</c><00:06:18.840><c> as</c>

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distribution or Gaussian distribution as
 

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distribution or Gaussian distribution as
it's<00:06:19.560><c> sometimes</c><00:06:19.980><c> called</c><00:06:20.250><c> is</c><00:06:20.600><c> a</c><00:06:21.600><c> bell</c><00:06:22.230><c> curve</c>

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it's sometimes called is a bell curve
 

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it's sometimes called is a bell curve
because<00:06:24.240><c> the</c><00:06:24.780><c> bell</c><00:06:25.170><c> describes</c><00:06:25.890><c> its</c><00:06:26.130><c> shape</c><00:06:26.460><c> if</c>

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because the bell describes its shape if
 

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because the bell describes its shape if
the<00:06:28.020><c> great</c><00:06:28.230><c> majority</c><00:06:28.590><c> of</c><00:06:28.830><c> observations</c><00:06:29.610><c> are</c>

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the great majority of observations are
 

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the great majority of observations are
close<00:06:29.940><c> to</c><00:06:30.150><c> the</c><00:06:30.270><c> mean</c><00:06:30.510><c> then</c><00:06:31.050><c> we'll</c><00:06:31.290><c> have</c><00:06:31.470><c> a</c>

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close to the mean then we'll have a
 

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close to the mean then we'll have a
narrower<00:06:32.190><c> higher</c><00:06:32.790><c> curve</c><00:06:33.300><c> with</c><00:06:34.200><c> a</c><00:06:34.230><c> relatively</c>

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narrower higher curve with a relatively
 

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narrower higher curve with a relatively
low<00:06:35.130><c> standard</c><00:06:35.670><c> deviation</c><00:06:36.300><c> if</c><00:06:37.010><c> many</c>

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low standard deviation if many
 

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low standard deviation if many
observations<00:06:38.370><c> are</c><00:06:38.850><c> some</c><00:06:39.030><c> distance</c><00:06:39.390><c> from</c><00:06:39.600><c> the</c>

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observations are some distance from the
 

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observations are some distance from the
mean<00:06:39.960><c> the</c><00:06:40.500><c> curve</c><00:06:40.740><c> will</c><00:06:40.950><c> be</c><00:06:41.070><c> lower</c><00:06:41.310><c> and</c><00:06:41.550><c> broader</c>

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mean the curve will be lower and broader
 

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mean the curve will be lower and broader
and<00:06:42.450><c> the</c><00:06:42.780><c> standard</c><00:06:43.200><c> deviation</c><00:06:43.770><c> greater</c><00:06:47.450><c> let's</c>

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and the standard deviation greater let's
 

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and the standard deviation greater let's
use<00:06:48.690><c> this</c><00:06:48.870><c> concept</c><00:06:49.410><c> to</c><00:06:49.620><c> see</c><00:06:50.490><c> how</c><00:06:50.730><c> many</c>

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use this concept to see how many
 

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use this concept to see how many
passengers<00:06:51.480><c> it</c><00:06:51.900><c> can</c><00:06:52.200><c> safely</c><00:06:52.620><c> carry</c><00:06:52.920><c> when</c>

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passengers it can safely carry when
 

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passengers it can safely carry when
taking<00:06:54.120><c> off</c><00:06:54.240><c> from</c><00:06:54.450><c> aspirin</c><00:06:54.990><c> airports</c><00:06:57.920><c> it's</c>

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taking off from aspirin airports it's
 

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taking off from aspirin airports it's
relatively<00:06:59.310><c> easy</c><00:06:59.430><c> to</c><00:06:59.670><c> determine</c><00:06:59.940><c> the</c><00:07:00.120><c> actual</c>

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relatively easy to determine the actual
 

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relatively easy to determine the actual
gross<00:07:00.900><c> weight</c><00:07:01.170><c> the</c><00:07:01.410><c> maximum</c><00:07:01.800><c> weight</c><00:07:02.010><c> that</c>

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gross weight the maximum weight that
 

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gross weight the maximum weight that
airplane<00:07:02.670><c> can</c><00:07:02.820><c> take</c><00:07:02.970><c> off</c><00:07:03.150><c> on</c><00:07:03.330><c> a</c><00:07:03.360><c> given</c><00:07:03.630><c> day</c><00:07:03.750><c> at</c>

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airplane can take off on a given day at
 

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airplane can take off on a given day at
a<00:07:04.110><c> certain</c><00:07:04.440><c> temperature</c><00:07:04.560><c> with</c><00:07:04.980><c> the</c><00:07:05.070><c> wind</c><00:07:05.280><c> at</c>

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a certain temperature with the wind at
 

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a certain temperature with the wind at
the<00:07:05.550><c> elevation</c><00:07:05.850><c> and</c><00:07:06.120><c> then</c><00:07:06.750><c> they</c><00:07:06.930><c> just</c><00:07:07.170><c> take</c>

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the elevation and then they just take
 

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the elevation and then they just take
the<00:07:07.830><c> gross</c><00:07:08.040><c> weight</c><00:07:08.250><c> subtract</c><00:07:08.700><c> out</c><00:07:08.880><c> the</c><00:07:09.000><c> empty</c>

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the gross weight subtract out the empty
 

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the gross weight subtract out the empty
weight<00:07:09.360><c> of</c><00:07:09.480><c> the</c><00:07:09.540><c> airplane</c><00:07:09.950><c> the</c><00:07:10.950><c> fuel</c><00:07:11.250><c> and</c><00:07:11.580><c> what</c>

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weight of the airplane the fuel and what
 

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weight of the airplane the fuel and what
they<00:07:12.090><c> have</c><00:07:12.210><c> left</c><00:07:12.450><c> is</c><00:07:12.660><c> payload</c><00:07:13.050><c> and</c><00:07:13.310><c> that's</c>

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they have left is payload and that's
 

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they have left is payload and that's
they<00:07:15.150><c> take</c><00:07:15.390><c> that</c><00:07:15.540><c> number</c><00:07:15.720><c> and</c><00:07:15.840><c> figure</c><00:07:16.140><c> out</c><00:07:16.169><c> how</c>

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they take that number and figure out how
 

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they take that number and figure out how
many<00:07:16.320><c> passengers</c><00:07:16.890><c> they</c><00:07:17.010><c> can</c><00:07:17.160><c> carry</c><00:07:17.370><c> based</c><00:07:17.669><c> on</c>

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many passengers they can carry based on
 

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many passengers they can carry based on
average<00:07:18.480><c> weights</c><00:07:19.520><c> let's</c><00:07:20.520><c> look</c><00:07:20.669><c> at</c><00:07:20.820><c> the</c>

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average weights let's look at the
 

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average weights let's look at the
capacity<00:07:21.270><c> of</c><00:07:21.570><c> the</c><00:07:21.750><c> typical</c><00:07:22.230><c> aircraft</c><00:07:22.740><c> used</c><00:07:23.130><c> at</c>

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capacity of the typical aircraft used at
 

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capacity of the typical aircraft used at
aspirin<00:07:24.380><c> the</c><00:07:25.380><c> BAE</c><00:07:25.740><c> 146</c><00:07:26.510><c> 300</c><00:07:27.510><c> has</c><00:07:27.990><c> a</c><00:07:28.020><c> maximum</c>

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aspirin the BAE 146 300 has a maximum
 

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aspirin the BAE 146 300 has a maximum
takeoff<00:07:29.070><c> weight</c><00:07:29.340><c> of</c><00:07:29.720><c> forty</c><00:07:30.720><c> four</c><00:07:30.900><c> thousand</c>

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takeoff weight of forty four thousand
 

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takeoff weight of forty four thousand
two<00:07:31.590><c> hundred</c><00:07:31.890><c> and</c><00:07:31.980><c> twenty</c><00:07:32.280><c> five</c><00:07:32.310><c> kilos</c><00:07:33.230><c> at</c>

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two hundred and twenty five kilos at
 

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two hundred and twenty five kilos at
Aspen's<00:07:34.710><c> altitude</c><00:07:35.370><c> of</c><00:07:35.660><c> 2,400</c><00:07:36.660><c> meters</c><00:07:36.810><c> and</c><00:07:37.200><c> a</c>

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Aspen's altitude of 2,400 meters and a
 

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Aspen's altitude of 2,400 meters and a
temperature<00:07:38.400><c> of</c><00:07:38.430><c> 27</c><00:07:39.090><c> degrees</c><00:07:39.390><c> Celsius</c><00:07:39.900><c> the</c>

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temperature of 27 degrees Celsius the
 

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temperature of 27 degrees Celsius the
maximum<00:07:41.220><c> gross</c><00:07:41.490><c> weight</c><00:07:41.520><c> drops</c><00:07:42.120><c> to</c><00:07:42.419><c> thirty</c>

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maximum gross weight drops to thirty
 

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maximum gross weight drops to thirty
three<00:07:43.350><c> thousand</c><00:07:43.770><c> four</c><00:07:44.370><c> hundred</c><00:07:44.520><c> and</c>

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three thousand four hundred and
 

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three thousand four hundred and
seventy-five<00:07:45.390><c> kilograms</c>

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seventy-five kilograms
 

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seventy-five kilograms
so<00:07:48.200><c> this</c><00:07:48.320><c> means</c><00:07:48.560><c> that</c><00:07:48.680><c> the</c><00:07:48.860><c> airline</c><00:07:49.250><c> must</c><00:07:49.550><c> shed</c>

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so this means that the airline must shed
 

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so this means that the airline must shed
weight<00:07:50.000><c> carrying</c><00:07:50.990><c> less</c><00:07:51.200><c> fuel</c><00:07:51.530><c> passengers</c><00:07:52.280><c> and</c>

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weight carrying less fuel passengers and
 

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weight carrying less fuel passengers and
baggage<00:07:53.290><c> to</c><00:07:54.290><c> calculate</c><00:07:54.770><c> how</c><00:07:54.950><c> many</c><00:07:55.010><c> passengers</c>

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baggage to calculate how many passengers
 

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baggage to calculate how many passengers
and<00:07:56.000><c> bags</c><00:07:56.210><c> to</c><00:07:56.420><c> leave</c><00:07:56.630><c> behind</c><00:07:56.810><c> the</c><00:07:57.560><c> airlines</c>

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and bags to leave behind the airlines
 

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and bags to leave behind the airlines
use<00:07:58.340><c> averages</c><00:07:59.120><c> provided</c><00:07:59.960><c> by</c><00:08:00.080><c> the</c><00:08:00.140><c> FAA</c><00:08:02.530><c> until</c>

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use averages provided by the FAA until
 

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use averages provided by the FAA until
1995<00:08:04.640><c> they</c><00:08:05.570><c> used</c><00:08:05.810><c> an</c><00:08:05.990><c> average</c><00:08:06.140><c> of</c><00:08:06.560><c> 72</c><00:08:07.100><c> point</c><00:08:07.610><c> 6</c>

00:08:07.930 --> 00:08:07.940 align:start position:0%
1995 they used an average of 72 point 6
 

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1995 they used an average of 72 point 6
kilos<00:08:08.390><c> per</c><00:08:08.420><c> person</c><00:08:09.170><c> then</c><00:08:10.360><c> 77</c><00:08:11.360><c> kilos</c><00:08:11.570><c> until</c>

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kilos per person then 77 kilos until
 

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kilos per person then 77 kilos until
2004<00:08:13.340><c> and</c><00:08:13.640><c> then</c><00:08:14.630><c> it</c><00:08:14.780><c> was</c><00:08:14.870><c> increased</c><00:08:15.290><c> to</c><00:08:15.410><c> 86</c>

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2004 and then it was increased to 86
 

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2004 and then it was increased to 86
point<00:08:16.550><c> 2</c><00:08:16.790><c> kilos</c><00:08:17.240><c> in</c><00:08:17.930><c> the</c><00:08:18.230><c> summer</c><00:08:18.500><c> and</c><00:08:19.420><c> 88.5</c>

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point 2 kilos in the summer and 88.5
 

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point 2 kilos in the summer and 88.5
kilos<00:08:20.960><c> in</c><00:08:21.170><c> the</c><00:08:21.260><c> winter</c><00:08:21.650><c> to</c><00:08:22.310><c> include</c><00:08:22.580><c> the</c><00:08:22.730><c> extra</c>

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kilos in the winter to include the extra
 

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kilos in the winter to include the extra
clothing<00:08:23.660><c> now</c><00:08:24.200><c> these</c><00:08:24.470><c> changes</c><00:08:24.950><c> of</c><00:08:25.280><c> course</c>

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clothing now these changes of course
 

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clothing now these changes of course
reflect<00:08:26.510><c> the</c><00:08:26.630><c> increasing</c><00:08:27.200><c> obesity</c><00:08:27.530><c> of</c><00:08:27.860><c> the</c>

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reflect the increasing obesity of the
 

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reflect the increasing obesity of the
population<00:08:30.130><c> so</c><00:08:31.130><c> if</c><00:08:31.220><c> an</c><00:08:31.340><c> airplane</c><00:08:31.640><c> must</c><00:08:31.970><c> shed</c>

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population so if an airplane must shed
 

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population so if an airplane must shed
fifteen<00:08:33.200><c> hundred</c><00:08:33.530><c> and</c><00:08:33.560><c> fifty</c><00:08:33.920><c> one</c><00:08:34.100><c> kilos</c><00:08:34.660><c> it</c>

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fifteen hundred and fifty one kilos it
 

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fifteen hundred and fifty one kilos it
must<00:08:35.870><c> leave</c><00:08:36.080><c> eighteen</c><00:08:36.920><c> passengers</c><00:08:37.520><c> behind</c>

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during<00:08:42.950><c> the</c><00:08:43.100><c> summer</c><00:08:43.370><c> they</c><00:08:44.590><c> automatically</c>

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during the summer they automatically
 

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during the summer they automatically
block<00:08:45.890><c> out</c><00:08:46.160><c> 15</c><00:08:46.670><c> seats</c><00:08:47.030><c> they</c><00:08:47.480><c> don't</c><00:08:47.690><c> sell</c><00:08:47.990><c> them</c>

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block out 15 seats they don't sell them
 

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block out 15 seats they don't sell them
on<00:08:49.430><c> certain</c><00:08:50.150><c> flights</c><00:08:50.540><c> if</c><00:08:51.140><c> they</c><00:08:51.500><c> have</c><00:08:51.650><c> a</c><00:08:51.680><c> warmer</c>

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on certain flights if they have a warmer
 

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on certain flights if they have a warmer
day<00:08:52.130><c> than</c><00:08:52.580><c> they</c><00:08:52.700><c> anticipated</c><00:08:53.000><c> or</c><00:08:53.630><c> the</c><00:08:53.750><c> winds</c>

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day than they anticipated or the winds
 

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day than they anticipated or the winds
Iran<00:08:54.320><c> they</c><00:08:55.190><c> will</c><00:08:55.490><c> bump</c><00:08:56.090><c> somebody</c>

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Iran they will bump somebody
 

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Iran they will bump somebody
or<00:08:57.620><c> bump</c><00:08:57.890><c> their</c><00:08:58.040><c> baggage</c><00:08:59.320><c> occasionally</c><00:09:00.320><c> they</c>

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or bump their baggage occasionally they
 

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or bump their baggage occasionally they
just<00:09:00.709><c> bump</c><00:09:00.920><c> the</c><00:09:01.040><c> baggage</c><00:09:03.370><c> then</c><00:09:04.370><c> instead</c><00:09:04.610><c> of</c><00:09:04.670><c> a</c>

00:09:04.780 --> 00:09:04.790 align:start position:0%
just bump the baggage then instead of a
 

00:09:04.790 --> 00:09:06.130 align:start position:0%
just bump the baggage then instead of a
few<00:09:05.000><c> unhappy</c><00:09:05.149><c> individuals</c><00:09:05.810><c> you</c><00:09:05.870><c> have</c><00:09:05.899><c> an</c><00:09:06.050><c> ol</c>

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few unhappy individuals you have an ol
 

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few unhappy individuals you have an ol
airplane<00:09:06.529><c> full</c><00:09:06.740><c> of</c><00:09:06.860><c> them</c><00:09:08.470><c> the</c><00:09:09.470><c> FAA</c><00:09:09.740><c> I</c><00:09:09.890><c> used</c><00:09:10.220><c> a</c>

00:09:10.389 --> 00:09:10.399 align:start position:0%
airplane full of them the FAA I used a
 

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airplane full of them the FAA I used a
national<00:09:10.850><c> study</c><00:09:11.149><c> on</c><00:09:11.269><c> health</c><00:09:11.630><c> and</c><00:09:11.870><c> obesity</c><00:09:12.140><c> to</c>

00:09:12.880 --> 00:09:12.890 align:start position:0%
national study on health and obesity to
 

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national study on health and obesity to
determine<00:09:13.459><c> the</c><00:09:13.579><c> new</c><00:09:13.760><c> averages</c><00:09:14.329><c> for</c><00:09:14.540><c> passenger</c>

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determine the new averages for passenger
 

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determine the new averages for passenger
weights<00:09:16.149><c> now</c><00:09:17.149><c> let's</c><00:09:17.420><c> see</c><00:09:17.720><c> why</c><00:09:18.110><c> the</c>

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weights now let's see why the
 

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weights now let's see why the
authorities<00:09:18.709><c> are</c><00:09:19.190><c> so</c><00:09:19.370><c> strict</c><00:09:19.910><c> about</c><00:09:20.230><c> the</c>

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authorities are so strict about the
 

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authorities are so strict about the
loading<00:09:21.740><c> requirements</c><00:09:24.190><c> suppose</c><00:09:25.190><c> given</c><00:09:25.700><c> the</c>

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loading requirements suppose given the
 

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loading requirements suppose given the
flying<00:09:26.180><c> conditions</c><00:09:26.690><c> the</c><00:09:27.350><c> weight</c><00:09:27.560><c> of</c><00:09:27.709><c> the</c><00:09:27.769><c> crew</c>

00:09:28.150 --> 00:09:28.160 align:start position:0%
flying conditions the weight of the crew
 

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flying conditions the weight of the crew
the<00:09:28.700><c> baggage</c><00:09:29.060><c> etc</c><00:09:29.660><c> a</c><00:09:29.839><c> smallish</c><00:09:30.709><c> aircraft</c><00:09:31.190><c> can</c>

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the baggage etc a smallish aircraft can
 

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the baggage etc a smallish aircraft can
take<00:09:31.720><c> 6,000</c><00:09:32.720><c> kilograms</c><00:09:32.959><c> of</c><00:09:33.649><c> passenger</c><00:09:34.399><c> weight</c>

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take 6,000 kilograms of passenger weight
 

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take 6,000 kilograms of passenger weight
to<00:09:36.709><c> be</c><00:09:36.829><c> conservative</c><00:09:37.250><c> and</c><00:09:37.839><c> using</c><00:09:38.839><c> some</c>

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to be conservative and using some
 

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to be conservative and using some
average<00:09:39.769><c> of</c><00:09:40.100><c> the</c><00:09:40.279><c> weights</c><00:09:40.519><c> used</c><00:09:41.149><c> by</c><00:09:41.480><c> the</c><00:09:41.540><c> FAA</c>

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average of the weights used by the FAA
 

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average of the weights used by the FAA
let's<00:09:43.250><c> suppose</c><00:09:43.640><c> that</c><00:09:43.910><c> the</c><00:09:44.000><c> average</c><00:09:44.600><c> passenger</c>

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let's suppose that the average passenger
 

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let's suppose that the average passenger
weighs<00:09:45.529><c> ninety</c><00:09:46.430><c> one</c><00:09:46.640><c> point</c><00:09:47.060><c> six</c><00:09:47.360><c> six</c>

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weighs ninety one point six six
 

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weighs ninety one point six six
kilograms

00:09:49.650 --> 00:09:49.660 align:start position:0%
kilograms
 

00:09:49.660 --> 00:09:52.980 align:start position:0%
kilograms
if<00:09:50.110><c> the</c><00:09:50.500><c> number</c><00:09:51.040><c> of</c><00:09:51.310><c> people</c><00:09:51.940><c> allowed</c><00:09:52.360><c> to</c><00:09:52.720><c> fly</c>

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if the number of people allowed to fly
 

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if the number of people allowed to fly
is<00:09:53.050><c> restricted</c><00:09:53.980><c> to</c><00:09:54.220><c> say</c><00:09:54.460><c> 60</c><00:09:55.950><c> 60</c><00:09:56.950><c> such</c><00:09:57.280><c> average</c>

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is restricted to say 60 60 such average
 

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is restricted to say 60 60 such average
people<00:09:58.030><c> would</c><00:09:58.720><c> weigh</c><00:09:58.950><c> 60</c><00:09:59.950><c> times</c><00:10:00.280><c> ninety</c><00:10:01.030><c> one</c>

00:10:01.200 --> 00:10:01.210 align:start position:0%
people would weigh 60 times ninety one
 

00:10:01.210 --> 00:10:03.810 align:start position:0%
people would weigh 60 times ninety one
point<00:10:01.480><c> six</c><00:10:01.840><c> six</c><00:10:02.020><c> kilograms</c><00:10:02.440><c> which</c><00:10:03.400><c> equals</c>

00:10:03.810 --> 00:10:03.820 align:start position:0%
point six six kilograms which equals
 

00:10:03.820 --> 00:10:08.670 align:start position:0%
point six six kilograms which equals
five<00:10:04.300><c> thousand</c><00:10:04.840><c> five</c><00:10:05.500><c> hundred</c><00:10:05.770><c> a</c><00:10:07.560><c> but</c><00:10:08.560><c> in</c>

00:10:08.670 --> 00:10:08.680 align:start position:0%
five thousand five hundred a but in
 

00:10:08.680 --> 00:10:10.980 align:start position:0%
five thousand five hundred a but in
practice<00:10:09.340><c> they</c><00:10:10.120><c> won't</c><00:10:10.360><c> all</c><00:10:10.540><c> be</c><00:10:10.810><c> the</c><00:10:10.960><c> same</c>

00:10:10.980 --> 00:10:10.990 align:start position:0%
practice they won't all be the same
 

00:10:10.990 --> 00:10:13.920 align:start position:0%
practice they won't all be the same
weight<00:10:11.470><c> and</c><00:10:11.740><c> the</c><00:10:12.700><c> standard</c><00:10:13.090><c> deviation</c><00:10:13.690><c> of</c><00:10:13.810><c> the</c>

00:10:13.920 --> 00:10:13.930 align:start position:0%
weight and the standard deviation of the
 

00:10:13.930 --> 00:10:16.770 align:start position:0%
weight and the standard deviation of the
passenger<00:10:14.470><c> weights</c><00:10:14.740><c> is</c><00:10:15.100><c> let's</c><00:10:15.550><c> say</c><00:10:15.820><c> fifteen</c>

00:10:16.770 --> 00:10:16.780 align:start position:0%
passenger weights is let's say fifteen
 

00:10:16.780 --> 00:10:19.890 align:start position:0%
passenger weights is let's say fifteen
hundred<00:10:17.170><c> kilograms</c>

00:10:19.890 --> 00:10:19.900 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:10:19.900 --> 00:10:22.740 align:start position:0%
 
now<00:10:20.529><c> by</c><00:10:20.710><c> setting</c><00:10:20.980><c> a</c><00:10:21.250><c> maximum</c><00:10:21.520><c> of</c><00:10:22.150><c> 60</c>

00:10:22.740 --> 00:10:22.750 align:start position:0%
now by setting a maximum of 60
 

00:10:22.750 --> 00:10:26.670 align:start position:0%
now by setting a maximum of 60
passengers<00:10:23.050><c> is</c><00:10:24.390><c> there</c><00:10:25.390><c> any</c><00:10:25.540><c> chance</c><00:10:25.990><c> that</c><00:10:26.290><c> a</c>

00:10:26.670 --> 00:10:26.680 align:start position:0%
passengers is there any chance that a
 

00:10:26.680 --> 00:10:29.760 align:start position:0%
passengers is there any chance that a
random<00:10:27.370><c> selection</c><00:10:27.670><c> of</c><00:10:28.180><c> passengers</c><00:10:28.810><c> might</c>

00:10:29.760 --> 00:10:29.770 align:start position:0%
random selection of passengers might
 

00:10:29.770 --> 00:10:32.610 align:start position:0%
random selection of passengers might
weigh<00:10:30.040><c> more</c><00:10:30.400><c> than</c><00:10:30.460><c> the</c><00:10:30.900><c> 6,000</c><00:10:31.900><c> kilograms</c><00:10:32.110><c> of</c>

00:10:32.610 --> 00:10:32.620 align:start position:0%
weigh more than the 6,000 kilograms of
 

00:10:32.620 --> 00:10:36.690 align:start position:0%
weigh more than the 6,000 kilograms of
weight<00:10:32.860><c> that's</c><00:10:33.490><c> regarded</c><00:10:34.060><c> as</c><00:10:34.180><c> safe</c><00:10:35.700><c> it</c>

00:10:36.690 --> 00:10:36.700 align:start position:0%
weight that's regarded as safe it
 

00:10:36.700 --> 00:10:39.300 align:start position:0%
weight that's regarded as safe it
doesn't<00:10:36.760><c> seem</c><00:10:37.150><c> very</c><00:10:37.180><c> likely</c><00:10:37.680><c> but</c><00:10:38.680><c> let's</c><00:10:38.980><c> check</c>

00:10:39.300 --> 00:10:39.310 align:start position:0%
doesn't seem very likely but let's check
 

00:10:39.310 --> 00:10:42.390 align:start position:0%
doesn't seem very likely but let's check
it<00:10:39.460><c> out</c><00:10:39.610><c> by</c><00:10:40.390><c> using</c><00:10:40.690><c> our</c><00:10:41.020><c> understanding</c><00:10:41.860><c> of</c><00:10:41.980><c> the</c>

00:10:42.390 --> 00:10:42.400 align:start position:0%
it out by using our understanding of the
 

00:10:42.400 --> 00:10:45.140 align:start position:0%
it out by using our understanding of the
normal<00:10:42.760><c> distribution</c>

00:10:45.140 --> 00:10:45.150 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:10:45.150 --> 00:10:47.310 align:start position:0%
 
diagrammatically<00:10:46.150><c> the</c><00:10:46.690><c> problem</c><00:10:47.050><c> looks</c><00:10:47.230><c> like</c>

00:10:47.310 --> 00:10:47.320 align:start position:0%
diagrammatically the problem looks like
 

00:10:47.320 --> 00:10:50.640 align:start position:0%
diagrammatically the problem looks like
this<00:10:47.710><c> any</c><00:10:48.570><c> combined</c><00:10:49.570><c> weight</c><00:10:49.839><c> of</c><00:10:49.900><c> over</c><00:10:50.350><c> six</c>

00:10:50.640 --> 00:10:50.650 align:start position:0%
this any combined weight of over six
 

00:10:50.650 --> 00:10:54.750 align:start position:0%
this any combined weight of over six
thousand<00:10:51.190><c> kilograms</c><00:10:51.490><c> is</c><00:10:51.940><c> a</c><00:10:52.390><c> problem</c><00:10:53.490><c> the</c><00:10:54.490><c> mean</c>

00:10:54.750 --> 00:10:54.760 align:start position:0%
thousand kilograms is a problem the mean
 

00:10:54.760 --> 00:10:58.079 align:start position:0%
thousand kilograms is a problem the mean
is<00:10:55.320><c> five</c><00:10:56.320><c> thousand</c><00:10:56.890><c> five</c><00:10:57.160><c> hundred</c><00:10:57.430><c> kilograms</c>

00:10:58.079 --> 00:10:58.089 align:start position:0%
is five thousand five hundred kilograms
 

00:10:58.089 --> 00:11:01.530 align:start position:0%
is five thousand five hundred kilograms
so<00:10:58.779><c> typically</c><00:10:59.320><c> they'll</c><00:10:59.500><c> be</c><00:10:59.620><c> fine</c><00:11:00.390><c> but</c><00:11:01.390><c> we're</c>

00:11:01.530 --> 00:11:01.540 align:start position:0%
so typically they'll be fine but we're
 

00:11:01.540 --> 00:11:03.750 align:start position:0%
so typically they'll be fine but we're
interested<00:11:01.750><c> in</c><00:11:02.350><c> the</c><00:11:02.500><c> area</c><00:11:03.040><c> that's</c><00:11:03.250><c> greater</c>

00:11:03.750 --> 00:11:03.760 align:start position:0%
interested in the area that's greater
 

00:11:03.760 --> 00:11:08.490 align:start position:0%
interested in the area that's greater
than<00:11:04.180><c> six</c><00:11:04.480><c> thousand</c><00:11:04.990><c> kilograms</c><00:11:06.660><c> that's</c><00:11:07.660><c> the</c>

00:11:08.490 --> 00:11:08.500 align:start position:0%
than six thousand kilograms that's the
 

00:11:08.500 --> 00:11:10.410 align:start position:0%
than six thousand kilograms that's the
area<00:11:08.740><c> in</c><00:11:09.190><c> which</c><00:11:09.250><c> there</c><00:11:09.880><c> will</c><00:11:09.940><c> be</c><00:11:10.000><c> a</c><00:11:10.060><c> safety</c>

00:11:10.410 --> 00:11:10.420 align:start position:0%
area in which there will be a safety
 

00:11:10.420 --> 00:11:13.710 align:start position:0%
area in which there will be a safety
problem<00:11:11.520><c> now</c><00:11:12.520><c> the</c><00:11:12.550><c> total</c><00:11:12.880><c> area</c><00:11:13.210><c> under</c><00:11:13.480><c> the</c>

00:11:13.710 --> 00:11:13.720 align:start position:0%
problem now the total area under the
 

00:11:13.720 --> 00:11:16.050 align:start position:0%
problem now the total area under the
curve<00:11:13.960><c> gives</c><00:11:14.260><c> all</c><00:11:14.380><c> the</c><00:11:14.650><c> possibilities</c><00:11:15.279><c> and</c><00:11:15.490><c> is</c>

00:11:16.050 --> 00:11:16.060 align:start position:0%
curve gives all the possibilities and is
 

00:11:16.060 --> 00:11:19.079 align:start position:0%
curve gives all the possibilities and is
therefore<00:11:16.300><c> equal</c><00:11:16.630><c> to</c><00:11:16.930><c> one</c><00:11:17.370><c> how</c><00:11:18.370><c> can</c><00:11:18.430><c> we</c><00:11:18.790><c> find</c>

00:11:19.079 --> 00:11:19.089 align:start position:0%
therefore equal to one how can we find
 

00:11:19.089 --> 00:11:21.210 align:start position:0%
therefore equal to one how can we find
the<00:11:19.270><c> probability</c><00:11:20.050><c> for</c><00:11:20.320><c> the</c><00:11:20.440><c> occurrence</c><00:11:20.980><c> of</c>

00:11:21.210 --> 00:11:21.220 align:start position:0%
the probability for the occurrence of
 

00:11:21.220 --> 00:11:23.790 align:start position:0%
the probability for the occurrence of
anything<00:11:21.940><c> represented</c><00:11:22.660><c> by</c><00:11:22.810><c> just</c><00:11:22.839><c> the</c><00:11:23.350><c> shaded</c>

00:11:23.790 --> 00:11:23.800 align:start position:0%
anything represented by just the shaded
 

00:11:23.800 --> 00:11:27.090 align:start position:0%
anything represented by just the shaded
area<00:11:24.220><c> if</c><00:11:25.000><c> weight</c><00:11:25.900><c> can</c><00:11:26.110><c> be</c><00:11:26.140><c> represented</c><00:11:26.950><c> by</c><00:11:27.070><c> a</c>

00:11:27.090 --> 00:11:27.100 align:start position:0%
area if weight can be represented by a
 

00:11:27.100 --> 00:11:29.760 align:start position:0%
area if weight can be represented by a
bell<00:11:27.430><c> curve</c><00:11:27.630><c> all</c><00:11:28.630><c> we</c><00:11:28.870><c> need</c><00:11:29.080><c> to</c><00:11:29.200><c> know</c><00:11:29.380><c> is</c><00:11:29.560><c> the</c>

00:11:29.760 --> 00:11:29.770 align:start position:0%
bell curve all we need to know is the
 

00:11:29.770 --> 00:11:32.400 align:start position:0%
bell curve all we need to know is the
mean<00:11:30.070><c> average</c><00:11:30.279><c> and</c><00:11:30.700><c> the</c><00:11:31.390><c> standard</c><00:11:31.839><c> deviation</c>

00:11:32.400 --> 00:11:32.410 align:start position:0%
mean average and the standard deviation
 

00:11:32.410 --> 00:11:36.489 align:start position:0%
mean average and the standard deviation
and<00:11:32.620><c> we</c><00:11:33.580><c> can</c><00:11:33.730><c> calculate</c><00:11:34.029><c> that</c><00:11:34.420><c> area</c>

00:11:36.489 --> 00:11:36.499 align:start position:0%
and we can calculate that area
 

00:11:36.499 --> 00:11:38.619 align:start position:0%
and we can calculate that area
that<00:11:37.189><c> clearly</c><00:11:37.429><c> will</c><00:11:37.609><c> have</c><00:11:37.819><c> a</c><00:11:37.849><c> different</c><00:11:38.389><c> area</c>

00:11:38.619 --> 00:11:38.629 align:start position:0%
that clearly will have a different area
 

00:11:38.629 --> 00:11:41.229 align:start position:0%
that clearly will have a different area
for<00:11:39.199><c> every</c><00:11:39.649><c> value</c><00:11:39.919><c> of</c><00:11:40.189><c> mean</c><00:11:40.699><c> and</c><00:11:40.999><c> standard</c>

00:11:41.229 --> 00:11:41.239 align:start position:0%
for every value of mean and standard
 

00:11:41.239 --> 00:11:42.839 align:start position:0%
for every value of mean and standard
deviation

00:11:42.839 --> 00:11:42.849 align:start position:0%
deviation
 

00:11:42.849 --> 00:11:45.329 align:start position:0%
deviation
but<00:11:43.849><c> there's</c><00:11:44.059><c> one</c><00:11:44.329><c> table</c><00:11:44.869><c> of</c><00:11:44.959><c> probabilities</c>

00:11:45.329 --> 00:11:45.339 align:start position:0%
but there's one table of probabilities
 

00:11:45.339 --> 00:11:48.969 align:start position:0%
but there's one table of probabilities
for<00:11:46.339><c> a</c><00:11:46.369><c> standard</c><00:11:47.149><c> normal</c><00:11:47.539><c> distribution</c><00:11:47.979><c> which</c>

00:11:48.969 --> 00:11:48.979 align:start position:0%
for a standard normal distribution which
 

00:11:48.979 --> 00:11:51.759 align:start position:0%
for a standard normal distribution which
has<00:11:49.189><c> a</c><00:11:49.219><c> mean</c><00:11:49.639><c> of</c><00:11:49.849><c> 0</c><00:11:50.179><c> and</c><00:11:50.569><c> a</c><00:11:51.259><c> standard</c><00:11:51.289><c> deviation</c>

00:11:51.759 --> 00:11:51.769 align:start position:0%
has a mean of 0 and a standard deviation
 

00:11:51.769 --> 00:11:57.219 align:start position:0%
has a mean of 0 and a standard deviation
equal<00:11:52.639><c> to</c><00:11:52.759><c> 1</c><00:11:54.219><c> so</c><00:11:55.219><c> first</c><00:11:55.639><c> we</c><00:11:56.539><c> can</c><00:11:56.749><c> convert</c><00:11:57.199><c> our</c>

00:11:57.219 --> 00:11:57.229 align:start position:0%
equal to 1 so first we can convert our
 

00:11:57.229 --> 00:11:59.949 align:start position:0%
equal to 1 so first we can convert our
values<00:11:57.889><c> into</c><00:11:58.189><c> standard</c><00:11:58.879><c> units</c><00:11:59.329><c> usually</c>

00:11:59.949 --> 00:11:59.959 align:start position:0%
values into standard units usually
 

00:11:59.959 --> 00:12:03.699 align:start position:0%
values into standard units usually
called<00:12:00.439><c> z-scores</c><00:12:01.599><c> and</c><00:12:02.599><c> our</c><00:12:02.809><c> formula</c><00:12:03.289><c> for</c>

00:12:03.699 --> 00:12:03.709 align:start position:0%
called z-scores and our formula for
 

00:12:03.709 --> 00:12:10.779 align:start position:0%
called z-scores and our formula for
doing<00:12:03.859><c> this</c><00:12:04.219><c> is</c><00:12:04.689><c> Z</c><00:12:06.069><c> equals</c><00:12:07.449><c> X</c><00:12:08.449><c> minus</c><00:12:08.689><c> mu</c><00:12:09.789><c> over</c>

00:12:10.779 --> 00:12:10.789 align:start position:0%
doing this is Z equals X minus mu over
 

00:12:10.789 --> 00:12:14.589 align:start position:0%
doing this is Z equals X minus mu over
Sigma<00:12:11.709><c> where</c><00:12:12.709><c> X</c><00:12:12.949><c> is</c><00:12:13.309><c> the</c><00:12:13.819><c> score</c><00:12:14.239><c> from</c><00:12:14.479><c> the</c>

00:12:14.589 --> 00:12:14.599 align:start position:0%
Sigma where X is the score from the
 

00:12:14.599 --> 00:12:18.369 align:start position:0%
Sigma where X is the score from the
original<00:12:15.139><c> normal</c><00:12:15.529><c> distribution</c><00:12:16.809><c> mu</c><00:12:17.809><c> is</c><00:12:18.079><c> the</c>

00:12:18.369 --> 00:12:18.379 align:start position:0%
original normal distribution mu is the
 

00:12:18.379 --> 00:12:20.499 align:start position:0%
original normal distribution mu is the
mean<00:12:18.859><c> of</c><00:12:19.129><c> the</c><00:12:19.249><c> original</c><00:12:19.789><c> normal</c><00:12:20.209><c> distribution</c>

00:12:20.499 --> 00:12:20.509 align:start position:0%
mean of the original normal distribution
 

00:12:20.509 --> 00:12:24.549 align:start position:0%
mean of the original normal distribution
and<00:12:21.309><c> Sigma</c><00:12:22.309><c> is</c><00:12:22.579><c> the</c><00:12:23.179><c> standard</c><00:12:23.539><c> deviation</c><00:12:23.809><c> of</c>

00:12:24.549 --> 00:12:24.559 align:start position:0%
and Sigma is the standard deviation of
 

00:12:24.559 --> 00:12:29.079 align:start position:0%
and Sigma is the standard deviation of
the<00:12:25.039><c> original</c><00:12:25.549><c> normal</c><00:12:25.999><c> distribution</c><00:12:26.599><c> and</c><00:12:28.089><c> Zed</c>

00:12:29.079 --> 00:12:29.089 align:start position:0%
the original normal distribution and Zed
 

00:12:29.089 --> 00:12:32.169 align:start position:0%
the original normal distribution and Zed
is<00:12:29.379><c> the</c><00:12:30.379><c> standardized</c><00:12:31.039><c> variable</c><00:12:31.789><c> it</c>

00:12:32.169 --> 00:12:32.179 align:start position:0%
is the standardized variable it
 

00:12:32.179 --> 00:12:33.909 align:start position:0%
is the standardized variable it
represents<00:12:32.929><c> the</c><00:12:33.109><c> number</c><00:12:33.349><c> of</c><00:12:33.559><c> standard</c>

00:12:33.909 --> 00:12:33.919 align:start position:0%
represents the number of standard
 

00:12:33.919 --> 00:12:36.369 align:start position:0%
represents the number of standard
deviations<00:12:34.819><c> above</c><00:12:35.239><c> or</c><00:12:35.479><c> below</c><00:12:35.629><c> the</c><00:12:35.959><c> mean</c><00:12:35.989><c> a</c>

00:12:36.369 --> 00:12:36.379 align:start position:0%
deviations above or below the mean a
 

00:12:36.379 --> 00:12:39.609 align:start position:0%
deviations above or below the mean a
particular<00:12:36.979><c> score</c><00:12:37.489><c> is</c><00:12:38.109><c> let's</c><00:12:39.109><c> see</c><00:12:39.289><c> how</c><00:12:39.439><c> that</c>

00:12:39.609 --> 00:12:39.619 align:start position:0%
particular score is let's see how that
 

00:12:39.619 --> 00:12:45.879 align:start position:0%
particular score is let's see how that
works<00:12:39.889><c> out</c><00:12:40.159><c> in</c><00:12:40.219><c> our</c><00:12:40.519><c> example</c><00:12:42.009><c> here</c><00:12:43.009><c> X</c><00:12:43.729><c> is</c><00:12:44.889><c> 6,000</c>

00:12:45.879 --> 00:12:45.889 align:start position:0%
works out in our example here X is 6,000
 

00:12:45.889 --> 00:12:50.259 align:start position:0%
works out in our example here X is 6,000
kilograms<00:12:47.169><c> mu</c><00:12:48.169><c> the</c><00:12:48.529><c> mean</c><00:12:48.709><c> is</c><00:12:49.009><c> five</c><00:12:49.789><c> thousand</c>

00:12:50.259 --> 00:12:50.269 align:start position:0%
kilograms mu the mean is five thousand
 

00:12:50.269 --> 00:12:54.069 align:start position:0%
kilograms mu the mean is five thousand
five<00:12:50.449><c> hundred</c><00:12:50.689><c> kilograms</c><00:12:52.899><c> Sigma</c><00:12:53.899><c> the</c>

00:12:54.069 --> 00:12:54.079 align:start position:0%
five hundred kilograms Sigma the
 

00:12:54.079 --> 00:12:56.799 align:start position:0%
five hundred kilograms Sigma the
standard<00:12:54.109><c> deviation</c><00:12:55.069><c> is</c><00:12:55.419><c> fifteen</c><00:12:56.419><c> hundred</c>

00:12:56.799 --> 00:12:56.809 align:start position:0%
standard deviation is fifteen hundred
 

00:12:56.809 --> 00:13:02.289 align:start position:0%
standard deviation is fifteen hundred
kilograms<00:12:57.970><c> so</c><00:12:58.970><c> we</c><00:12:59.089><c> have</c><00:12:59.299><c> Z</c><00:13:00.109><c> equals</c><00:13:01.299><c> six</c>

00:13:02.289 --> 00:13:02.299 align:start position:0%
kilograms so we have Z equals six
 

00:13:02.299 --> 00:13:04.749 align:start position:0%
kilograms so we have Z equals six
thousand<00:13:02.839><c> minus</c><00:13:03.829><c> five</c><00:13:04.069><c> thousand</c><00:13:04.579><c> five</c>

00:13:04.749 --> 00:13:04.759 align:start position:0%
thousand minus five thousand five
 

00:13:04.759 --> 00:13:10.689 align:start position:0%
thousand minus five thousand five
hundred<00:13:06.369><c> divided</c><00:13:07.369><c> by</c><00:13:07.579><c> fifteen</c><00:13:08.479><c> hundred</c><00:13:09.699><c> but</c>

00:13:10.689 --> 00:13:10.699 align:start position:0%
hundred divided by fifteen hundred but
 

00:13:10.699 --> 00:13:14.259 align:start position:0%
hundred divided by fifteen hundred but
is<00:13:10.819><c> to</c><00:13:10.970><c> say</c><00:13:11.119><c> Z</c><00:13:11.449><c> equals</c><00:13:11.989><c> five</c><00:13:12.739><c> hundred</c><00:13:13.269><c> over</c>

00:13:14.259 --> 00:13:14.269 align:start position:0%
is to say Z equals five hundred over
 

00:13:14.269 --> 00:13:20.829 align:start position:0%
is to say Z equals five hundred over
fifteen<00:13:14.749><c> hundred</c><00:13:15.639><c> Z</c><00:13:16.639><c> equals</c><00:13:17.449><c> not</c><00:13:18.349><c> 0.33</c><00:13:19.749><c> now</c><00:13:20.749><c> if</c>

00:13:20.829 --> 00:13:20.839 align:start position:0%
fifteen hundred Z equals not 0.33 now if
 

00:13:20.839 --> 00:13:24.309 align:start position:0%
fifteen hundred Z equals not 0.33 now if
we<00:13:20.959><c> look</c><00:13:21.109><c> in</c><00:13:21.259><c> the</c><00:13:21.379><c> normal</c><00:13:22.339><c> tables</c><00:13:22.970><c> we</c><00:13:23.959><c> can</c><00:13:23.989><c> look</c>

00:13:24.309 --> 00:13:24.319 align:start position:0%
we look in the normal tables we can look
 

00:13:24.319 --> 00:13:26.829 align:start position:0%
we look in the normal tables we can look
down<00:13:24.349><c> the</c><00:13:24.529><c> left-hand</c><00:13:25.069><c> column</c><00:13:25.279><c> for</c><00:13:25.729><c> Z</c><00:13:25.939><c> equals</c>

00:13:26.829 --> 00:13:26.839 align:start position:0%
down the left-hand column for Z equals
 

00:13:26.839 --> 00:13:30.549 align:start position:0%
down the left-hand column for Z equals
nine<00:13:27.199><c> point</c><00:13:27.499><c> three</c><00:13:27.559><c> and</c><00:13:28.509><c> then</c><00:13:29.509><c> across</c><00:13:29.839><c> under</c>

00:13:30.549 --> 00:13:30.559 align:start position:0%
nine point three and then across under
 

00:13:30.559 --> 00:13:34.749 align:start position:0%
nine point three and then across under
naught<00:13:31.459><c> point</c><00:13:31.729><c> O</c><00:13:31.970><c> three</c><00:13:32.389><c> and</c><00:13:33.399><c> the</c><00:13:34.399><c> number</c><00:13:34.549><c> in</c>

00:13:34.749 --> 00:13:34.759 align:start position:0%
naught point O three and the number in
 

00:13:34.759 --> 00:13:37.389 align:start position:0%
naught point O three and the number in
the<00:13:34.879><c> table</c><00:13:35.089><c> is</c><00:13:35.419><c> the</c><00:13:35.569><c> tail</c><00:13:35.809><c> area</c><00:13:36.169><c> for</c><00:13:36.649><c> Z</c><00:13:36.859><c> equals</c>

00:13:37.389 --> 00:13:37.399 align:start position:0%
the table is the tail area for Z equals
 

00:13:37.399 --> 00:13:41.499 align:start position:0%
the table is the tail area for Z equals
naught<00:13:37.879><c> point</c><00:13:38.119><c> three</c><00:13:38.419><c> three</c><00:13:39.099><c> which</c><00:13:40.099><c> is</c><00:13:40.509><c> not</c>

00:13:41.499 --> 00:13:41.509 align:start position:0%
naught point three three which is not
 

00:13:41.509 --> 00:13:45.609 align:start position:0%
naught point three three which is not
point<00:13:41.869><c> three</c><00:13:42.259><c> seven</c><00:13:42.499><c> zero</c><00:13:42.799><c> seven</c><00:13:44.289><c> this</c><00:13:45.289><c> is</c><00:13:45.499><c> the</c>

00:13:45.609 --> 00:13:45.619 align:start position:0%
point three seven zero seven this is the
 

00:13:45.619 --> 00:13:48.069 align:start position:0%
point three seven zero seven this is the
probability<00:13:46.069><c> that</c><00:13:46.549><c> the</c><00:13:46.999><c> weight</c><00:13:47.269><c> will</c><00:13:47.599><c> exceed</c>

00:13:48.069 --> 00:13:48.079 align:start position:0%
probability that the weight will exceed
 

00:13:48.079 --> 00:13:49.060 align:start position:0%
probability that the weight will exceed
six

00:13:49.060 --> 00:13:49.070 align:start position:0%
six
 

00:13:49.070 --> 00:13:52.210 align:start position:0%
six
and<00:13:49.250><c> kilograms</c><00:13:50.199><c> so</c><00:13:51.199><c> our</c><00:13:51.350><c> answer</c><00:13:51.740><c> is</c><00:13:51.769><c> that</c><00:13:51.920><c> the</c>

00:13:52.210 --> 00:13:52.220 align:start position:0%
and kilograms so our answer is that the
 

00:13:52.220 --> 00:13:54.040 align:start position:0%
and kilograms so our answer is that the
probability<00:13:52.610><c> that</c><00:13:53.149><c> the</c><00:13:53.389><c> total</c><00:13:53.899><c> weight</c>

00:13:54.040 --> 00:13:54.050 align:start position:0%
probability that the total weight
 

00:13:54.050 --> 00:13:58.689 align:start position:0%
probability that the total weight
exceeds<00:13:54.880><c> 6,000</c><00:13:55.880><c> kilograms</c><00:13:56.089><c> is</c><00:13:56.690><c> not</c><00:13:57.699><c> 0.37</c>

00:13:58.689 --> 00:13:58.699 align:start position:0%
exceeds 6,000 kilograms is not 0.37
 

00:13:58.699 --> 00:14:05.290 align:start position:0%
exceeds 6,000 kilograms is not 0.37
correct<00:13:59.089><c> to</c><00:13:59.209><c> two</c><00:13:59.420><c> decimal</c><00:13:59.990><c> places</c><00:14:00.139><c> or</c><00:14:02.560><c> 37%</c><00:14:04.300><c> so</c>

00:14:05.290 --> 00:14:05.300 align:start position:0%
correct to two decimal places or 37% so
 

00:14:05.300 --> 00:14:07.930 align:start position:0%
correct to two decimal places or 37% so
given<00:14:05.690><c> our</c><00:14:05.779><c> assumptions</c><00:14:06.589><c> we</c><00:14:07.310><c> would</c><00:14:07.490><c> find</c><00:14:07.759><c> that</c>

00:14:07.930 --> 00:14:07.940 align:start position:0%
given our assumptions we would find that
 

00:14:07.940 --> 00:14:10.319 align:start position:0%
given our assumptions we would find that
such<00:14:08.240><c> a</c><00:14:08.269><c> restriction</c><00:14:08.810><c> on</c><00:14:09.110><c> passenger</c><00:14:09.740><c> numbers</c>

00:14:10.319 --> 00:14:10.329 align:start position:0%
such a restriction on passenger numbers
 

00:14:10.329 --> 00:14:13.660 align:start position:0%
such a restriction on passenger numbers
would<00:14:11.329><c> result</c><00:14:11.810><c> in</c><00:14:12.170><c> over</c><00:14:12.529><c> one-third</c><00:14:13.310><c> of</c><00:14:13.519><c> these</c>

00:14:13.660 --> 00:14:13.670 align:start position:0%
would result in over one-third of these
 

00:14:13.670 --> 00:14:16.990 align:start position:0%
would result in over one-third of these
planes<00:14:14.120><c> flying</c><00:14:14.600><c> with</c><00:14:15.230><c> a</c><00:14:15.259><c> weight</c><00:14:15.819><c> regarded</c><00:14:16.819><c> as</c>

00:14:16.990 --> 00:14:17.000 align:start position:0%
planes flying with a weight regarded as
 

00:14:17.000 --> 00:14:22.480 align:start position:0%
planes flying with a weight regarded as
too<00:14:17.839><c> great</c><00:14:18.230><c> to</c><00:14:18.949><c> be</c><00:14:19.100><c> safe</c><00:14:20.589><c> so</c><00:14:21.589><c> the</c><00:14:21.680><c> concept</c><00:14:22.220><c> of</c><00:14:22.370><c> a</c>

00:14:22.480 --> 00:14:22.490 align:start position:0%
too great to be safe so the concept of a
 

00:14:22.490 --> 00:14:25.480 align:start position:0%
too great to be safe so the concept of a
normal<00:14:23.000><c> distribution</c><00:14:23.209><c> is</c><00:14:24.130><c> highly</c><00:14:25.130><c> valuable</c>

00:14:25.480 --> 00:14:25.490 align:start position:0%
normal distribution is highly valuable
 

00:14:25.490 --> 00:14:28.210 align:start position:0%
normal distribution is highly valuable
in<00:14:25.759><c> making</c><00:14:26.120><c> sure</c><00:14:26.360><c> the</c><00:14:27.110><c> passengers</c><00:14:27.410><c> are</c><00:14:27.920><c> able</c>

00:14:28.210 --> 00:14:28.220 align:start position:0%
in making sure the passengers are able
 

00:14:28.220 --> 00:14:31.210 align:start position:0%
in making sure the passengers are able
to<00:14:28.250><c> fly</c><00:14:28.519><c> safely</c><00:14:29.259><c> one</c><00:14:30.259><c> way</c><00:14:30.440><c> of</c><00:14:30.560><c> taking</c><00:14:30.829><c> more</c>

00:14:31.210 --> 00:14:31.220 align:start position:0%
to fly safely one way of taking more
 

00:14:31.220 --> 00:14:33.819 align:start position:0%
to fly safely one way of taking more
passengers<00:14:31.910><c> safely</c><00:14:32.509><c> is</c><00:14:33.110><c> to</c><00:14:33.290><c> extend</c><00:14:33.709><c> the</c>

00:14:33.819 --> 00:14:33.829 align:start position:0%
passengers safely is to extend the
 

00:14:33.829 --> 00:14:36.879 align:start position:0%
passengers safely is to extend the
runway<00:14:35.110><c> recently</c><00:14:36.110><c> the</c><00:14:36.350><c> airport</c><00:14:36.769><c> began</c>

00:14:36.879 --> 00:14:36.889 align:start position:0%
runway recently the airport began
 

00:14:36.889 --> 00:14:39.550 align:start position:0%
runway recently the airport began
construction<00:14:37.790><c> to</c><00:14:38.300><c> add</c><00:14:38.449><c> a</c><00:14:38.480><c> thousand</c><00:14:39.110><c> feet</c><00:14:39.319><c> or</c>

00:14:39.550 --> 00:14:39.560 align:start position:0%
construction to add a thousand feet or
 

00:14:39.560 --> 00:14:42.600 align:start position:0%
construction to add a thousand feet or
305<00:14:40.399><c> metres</c><00:14:40.910><c> to</c><00:14:41.600><c> the</c><00:14:41.720><c> length</c><00:14:41.930><c> of</c><00:14:42.199><c> the</c><00:14:42.350><c> runway</c>

00:14:42.600 --> 00:14:42.610 align:start position:0%
305 metres to the length of the runway
 

00:14:42.610 --> 00:14:45.340 align:start position:0%
305 metres to the length of the runway
well<00:14:43.610><c> the</c><00:14:43.759><c> longer</c><00:14:43.970><c> runway</c><00:14:44.360><c> will</c><00:14:44.839><c> will</c><00:14:45.170><c> help</c>

00:14:45.340 --> 00:14:45.350 align:start position:0%
well the longer runway will will help
 

00:14:45.350 --> 00:14:47.470 align:start position:0%
well the longer runway will will help
for<00:14:45.740><c> the</c><00:14:45.980><c> regional</c><00:14:46.430><c> jets</c><00:14:46.670><c> that</c><00:14:46.940><c> is</c><00:14:47.360><c> an</c>

00:14:47.470 --> 00:14:47.480 align:start position:0%
for the regional jets that is an
 

00:14:47.480 --> 00:14:49.150 align:start position:0%
for the regional jets that is an
airplane<00:14:47.750><c> that</c><00:14:47.870><c> is</c><00:14:48.079><c> runway</c><00:14:48.380><c> limited</c><00:14:48.920><c> out</c><00:14:49.040><c> of</c>

00:14:49.150 --> 00:14:49.160 align:start position:0%
airplane that is runway limited out of
 

00:14:49.160 --> 00:14:51.309 align:start position:0%
airplane that is runway limited out of
this<00:14:49.250><c> Airport</c><00:14:49.670><c> and</c><00:14:49.940><c> consequently</c><00:14:50.839><c> a</c><00:14:50.930><c> longer</c>

00:14:51.309 --> 00:14:51.319 align:start position:0%
this Airport and consequently a longer
 

00:14:51.319 --> 00:14:52.660 align:start position:0%
this Airport and consequently a longer
runway<00:14:51.620><c> means</c><00:14:51.800><c> they'll</c><00:14:52.100><c> be</c><00:14:52.190><c> able</c><00:14:52.250><c> to</c><00:14:52.370><c> take</c><00:14:52.490><c> off</c>

00:14:52.660 --> 00:14:52.670 align:start position:0%
runway means they'll be able to take off
 

00:14:52.670 --> 00:14:55.949 align:start position:0%
runway means they'll be able to take off
if<00:14:52.790><c> more</c><00:14:52.970><c> weight</c><00:14:53.149><c> on</c><00:14:53.360><c> a</c><00:14:53.389><c> given</c><00:14:53.750><c> day</c><00:14:54.130><c> it'll</c>

00:14:55.949 --> 00:14:55.959 align:start position:0%
if more weight on a given day it'll
 

00:14:55.959 --> 00:14:58.809 align:start position:0%
if more weight on a given day it'll
allow<00:14:56.959><c> me</c><00:14:56.990><c> to</c><00:14:57.319><c> take</c><00:14:57.440><c> off</c><00:14:57.620><c> slightly</c><00:14:57.920><c> heavier</c><00:14:58.399><c> or</c>

00:14:58.809 --> 00:14:58.819 align:start position:0%
allow me to take off slightly heavier or
 

00:14:58.819 --> 00:15:00.600 align:start position:0%
allow me to take off slightly heavier or
most<00:14:59.089><c> people</c><00:14:59.389><c> to</c><00:14:59.480><c> take</c><00:14:59.630><c> off</c><00:14:59.750><c> slightly</c><00:15:00.079><c> heavier</c>

00:15:00.600 --> 00:15:00.610 align:start position:0%
most people to take off slightly heavier
 

00:15:00.610 --> 00:15:03.579 align:start position:0%
most people to take off slightly heavier
this<00:15:01.610><c> additional</c><00:15:02.149><c> runway</c><00:15:02.540><c> length</c><00:15:02.839><c> makes</c><00:15:03.380><c> it</c>

00:15:03.579 --> 00:15:03.589 align:start position:0%
this additional runway length makes it
 

00:15:03.589 --> 00:15:05.470 align:start position:0%
this additional runway length makes it
possible<00:15:03.800><c> for</c><00:15:04.100><c> some</c><00:15:04.430><c> aircraft</c><00:15:04.850><c> to</c><00:15:05.060><c> take</c><00:15:05.269><c> off</c>

00:15:05.470 --> 00:15:05.480 align:start position:0%
possible for some aircraft to take off
 

00:15:05.480 --> 00:15:08.350 align:start position:0%
possible for some aircraft to take off
with<00:15:05.720><c> additional</c><00:15:06.380><c> load</c><00:15:06.620><c> one</c><00:15:07.610><c> aircraft</c><00:15:08.149><c> can</c>

00:15:08.350 --> 00:15:08.360 align:start position:0%
with additional load one aircraft can
 

00:15:08.360 --> 00:15:10.509 align:start position:0%
with additional load one aircraft can
carry<00:15:08.389><c> an</c><00:15:08.810><c> additional</c><00:15:08.959><c> one</c><00:15:09.769><c> five</c><00:15:10.130><c> eight</c><00:15:10.399><c> eight</c>

00:15:10.509 --> 00:15:10.519 align:start position:0%
carry an additional one five eight eight
 

00:15:10.519 --> 00:15:14.950 align:start position:0%
carry an additional one five eight eight
kilograms<00:15:11.360><c> or</c><00:15:11.660><c> an</c><00:15:12.290><c> additional</c><00:15:12.740><c> 18</c><00:15:13.220><c> passengers</c>

00:15:14.950 --> 00:15:14.960 align:start position:0%
kilograms or an additional 18 passengers
 

00:15:14.960 --> 00:15:16.870 align:start position:0%
kilograms or an additional 18 passengers
however<00:15:15.620><c> the</c><00:15:15.710><c> additional</c><00:15:15.950><c> Run</c><00:15:16.399><c> Road</c><00:15:16.580><c> length</c>

00:15:16.870 --> 00:15:16.880 align:start position:0%
however the additional Run Road length
 

00:15:16.880 --> 00:15:19.570 align:start position:0%
however the additional Run Road length
is<00:15:17.060><c> only</c><00:15:17.390><c> partly</c><00:15:17.930><c> effective</c><00:15:18.339><c> because</c><00:15:19.339><c> it</c><00:15:19.460><c> only</c>

00:15:19.570 --> 00:15:19.580 align:start position:0%
is only partly effective because it only
 

00:15:19.580 --> 00:15:22.300 align:start position:0%
is only partly effective because it only
affects<00:15:19.820><c> one</c><00:15:20.089><c> limitation</c><00:15:21.080><c> the</c><00:15:21.740><c> ability</c><00:15:22.220><c> of</c>

00:15:22.300 --> 00:15:22.310 align:start position:0%
affects one limitation the ability of
 

00:15:22.310 --> 00:15:25.810 align:start position:0%
affects one limitation the ability of
the<00:15:22.460><c> IRA</c><00:15:22.940><c> to</c><00:15:23.540><c> obtain</c><00:15:23.870><c> decision</c><00:15:24.410><c> speed</c><00:15:24.820><c> doesn't</c>

00:15:25.810 --> 00:15:25.820 align:start position:0%
the IRA to obtain decision speed doesn't
 

00:15:25.820 --> 00:15:28.090 align:start position:0%
the IRA to obtain decision speed doesn't
change<00:15:26.060><c> the</c><00:15:26.600><c> angle</c><00:15:26.990><c> of</c><00:15:27.080><c> climb</c><00:15:27.230><c> and</c><00:15:27.680><c> the</c>

00:15:28.090 --> 00:15:28.100 align:start position:0%
change the angle of climb and the
 

00:15:28.100 --> 00:15:29.620 align:start position:0%
change the angle of climb and the
ability<00:15:28.550><c> to</c><00:15:28.580><c> clear</c><00:15:28.940><c> the</c><00:15:29.089><c> surrounding</c>

00:15:29.620 --> 00:15:29.630 align:start position:0%
ability to clear the surrounding
 

00:15:29.630 --> 00:15:33.940 align:start position:0%
ability to clear the surrounding
mountains<00:15:31.720><c> there</c><00:15:32.720><c> are</c><00:15:32.899><c> many</c><00:15:33.080><c> instances</c><00:15:33.740><c> where</c>

00:15:33.940 --> 00:15:33.950 align:start position:0%
mountains there are many instances where
 

00:15:33.950 --> 00:15:37.389 align:start position:0%
mountains there are many instances where
weight<00:15:34.220><c> is</c><00:15:34.459><c> crucial</c><00:15:35.000><c> not</c><00:15:35.300><c> just</c><00:15:35.600><c> aircraft</c><00:15:36.399><c> for</c>

00:15:37.389 --> 00:15:37.399 align:start position:0%
weight is crucial not just aircraft for
 

00:15:37.399 --> 00:15:39.519 align:start position:0%
weight is crucial not just aircraft for
example<00:15:37.430><c> here</c><00:15:38.060><c> in</c><00:15:38.180><c> the</c><00:15:38.270><c> business</c><00:15:38.450><c> school</c><00:15:38.750><c> we</c>

00:15:39.519 --> 00:15:39.529 align:start position:0%
example here in the business school we
 

00:15:39.529 --> 00:15:41.230 align:start position:0%
example here in the business school we
don't<00:15:39.620><c> the</c><00:15:39.890><c> lift</c><00:15:40.130><c> to</c><00:15:40.310><c> the</c><00:15:40.430><c> staff</c><00:15:40.730><c> office</c><00:15:40.940><c> is</c>

00:15:41.230 --> 00:15:41.240 align:start position:0%
don't the lift to the staff office is
 

00:15:41.240 --> 00:15:43.780 align:start position:0%
don't the lift to the staff office is
continually<00:15:41.870><c> breaking</c><00:15:42.170><c> down</c><00:15:42.529><c> how</c><00:15:43.399><c> can</c><00:15:43.640><c> we</c>

00:15:43.780 --> 00:15:43.790 align:start position:0%
continually breaking down how can we
 

00:15:43.790 --> 00:15:45.760 align:start position:0%
continually breaking down how can we
reduce<00:15:43.970><c> the</c><00:15:44.390><c> chances</c><00:15:44.930><c> that</c><00:15:45.170><c> it'll</c><00:15:45.649><c> be</c>

00:15:45.760 --> 00:15:45.770 align:start position:0%
reduce the chances that it'll be
 

00:15:45.770 --> 00:15:49.060 align:start position:0%
reduce the chances that it'll be
overcrowded<00:15:47.320><c> we</c><00:15:48.320><c> can</c><00:15:48.470><c> use</c><00:15:48.709><c> our</c><00:15:48.920><c> understanding</c>

00:15:49.060 --> 00:15:49.070 align:start position:0%
overcrowded we can use our understanding
 

00:15:49.070 --> 00:15:53.110 align:start position:0%
overcrowded we can use our understanding
of<00:15:49.730><c> normal</c><00:15:50.180><c> distribution</c><00:15:51.550><c> we</c><00:15:52.550><c> can</c><00:15:52.580><c> work</c><00:15:52.910><c> out</c>

00:15:53.110 --> 00:15:53.120 align:start position:0%
of normal distribution we can work out
 

00:15:53.120 --> 00:15:54.610 align:start position:0%
of normal distribution we can work out
from<00:15:53.300><c> the</c><00:15:53.450><c> knowledge</c><00:15:53.779><c> of</c><00:15:53.899><c> the</c><00:15:53.959><c> way</c><00:15:54.200><c> the</c><00:15:54.380><c> school</c>

00:15:54.610 --> 00:15:54.620 align:start position:0%
from the knowledge of the way the school
 

00:15:54.620 --> 00:15:57.220 align:start position:0%
from the knowledge of the way the school
operates<00:15:55.070><c> that</c><00:15:55.940><c> the</c><00:15:56.060><c> mean</c><00:15:56.330><c> number</c><00:15:56.570><c> of</c><00:15:56.839><c> people</c>

00:15:57.220 --> 00:15:57.230 align:start position:0%
operates that the mean number of people
 

00:15:57.230 --> 00:16:00.280 align:start position:0%
operates that the mean number of people
using<00:15:57.440><c> the</c><00:15:57.740><c> lift</c><00:15:57.950><c> at</c><00:15:58.100><c> any</c><00:15:58.250><c> time</c><00:15:58.550><c> is</c><00:15:58.790><c> four</c><00:15:59.290><c> with</c>

00:16:00.280 --> 00:16:00.290 align:start position:0%
using the lift at any time is four with
 

00:16:00.290 --> 00:16:02.680 align:start position:0%
using the lift at any time is four with
a<00:16:00.320><c> standard</c><00:16:00.770><c> deviation</c><00:16:01.070><c> of</c><00:16:01.399><c> two</c><00:16:02.149><c> people</c>

00:16:02.680 --> 00:16:02.690 align:start position:0%
a standard deviation of two people
 

00:16:02.690 --> 00:16:05.860 align:start position:0%
a standard deviation of two people
here's<00:16:03.500><c> the</c><00:16:03.649><c> problem</c><00:16:03.980><c> if</c><00:16:04.940><c> the</c><00:16:05.089><c> manufacturer</c>

00:16:05.860 --> 00:16:05.870 align:start position:0%
here's the problem if the manufacturer
 

00:16:05.870 --> 00:16:08.170 align:start position:0%
here's the problem if the manufacturer
and<00:16:06.230><c> the</c><00:16:06.410><c> architects</c><00:16:06.950><c> of</c><00:16:07.100><c> the</c><00:16:07.250><c> building</c><00:16:07.670><c> have</c>

00:16:08.170 --> 00:16:08.180 align:start position:0%
and the architects of the building have
 

00:16:08.180 --> 00:16:10.240 align:start position:0%
and the architects of the building have
calculated<00:16:08.810><c> that</c><00:16:08.959><c> the</c><00:16:09.230><c> lift</c><00:16:09.470><c> can</c><00:16:09.680><c> hold</c><00:16:09.980><c> up</c><00:16:10.220><c> to</c>

00:16:10.240 --> 00:16:10.250 align:start position:0%
calculated that the lift can hold up to
 

00:16:10.250 --> 00:16:13.000 align:start position:0%
calculated that the lift can hold up to
eight<00:16:10.640><c> people</c><00:16:11.060><c> or</c><00:16:11.779><c> six</c><00:16:12.350><c> hundred</c><00:16:12.500><c> and</c><00:16:12.770><c> thirty</c>

00:16:13.000 --> 00:16:13.010 align:start position:0%
eight people or six hundred and thirty
 

00:16:13.010 --> 00:16:17.350 align:start position:0%
eight people or six hundred and thirty
kilograms<00:16:14.529><c> one</c><00:16:15.529><c> of</c><00:16:15.649><c> the</c><00:16:15.709><c> chances</c><00:16:16.310><c> that</c><00:16:16.490><c> eight</c>

00:16:17.350 --> 00:16:17.360 align:start position:0%
kilograms one of the chances that eight
 

00:16:17.360 --> 00:16:19.930 align:start position:0%
kilograms one of the chances that eight
or<00:16:17.720><c> more</c><00:16:18.020><c> people</c><00:16:18.350><c> will</c><00:16:18.950><c> use</c><00:16:19.250><c> the</c><00:16:19.459><c> lift</c><00:16:19.700><c> at</c><00:16:19.880><c> the</c>

00:16:19.930 --> 00:16:19.940 align:start position:0%
or more people will use the lift at the
 

00:16:19.940 --> 00:16:22.620 align:start position:0%
or more people will use the lift at the
same<00:16:20.180><c> time</c>

00:16:22.620 --> 00:16:22.630 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:16:22.630 --> 00:16:25.319 align:start position:0%
 
notice<00:16:23.440><c> that</c><00:16:24.009><c> there's</c><00:16:24.250><c> an</c><00:16:24.370><c> assumption</c><00:16:24.790><c> that</c>

00:16:25.319 --> 00:16:25.329 align:start position:0%
notice that there's an assumption that
 

00:16:25.329 --> 00:16:29.040 align:start position:0%
notice that there's an assumption that
each<00:16:26.230><c> person</c><00:16:26.829><c> here</c><00:16:27.220><c> weighs</c><00:16:28.149><c> on</c><00:16:28.540><c> average</c>

00:16:29.040 --> 00:16:29.050 align:start position:0%
each person here weighs on average
 

00:16:29.050 --> 00:16:33.499 align:start position:0%
each person here weighs on average
seventy<00:16:29.949><c> eight</c><00:16:30.069><c> point</c><00:16:30.399><c> seven</c><00:16:30.670><c> five</c><00:16:31.120><c> kilograms</c>

00:16:33.499 --> 00:16:33.509 align:start position:0%
seventy eight point seven five kilograms
 

00:16:33.509 --> 00:16:37.139 align:start position:0%
seventy eight point seven five kilograms
given<00:16:34.509><c> a</c><00:16:34.600><c> normal</c><00:16:35.050><c> distribution</c><00:16:35.699><c> we</c><00:16:36.699><c> can</c><00:16:36.850><c> first</c>

00:16:37.139 --> 00:16:37.149 align:start position:0%
given a normal distribution we can first
 

00:16:37.149 --> 00:16:40.290 align:start position:0%
given a normal distribution we can first
find<00:16:37.360><c> the</c><00:16:37.720><c> z-score</c><00:16:38.050><c> with</c><00:16:38.589><c> our</c><00:16:38.740><c> formula</c><00:16:39.300><c> Z</c>

00:16:40.290 --> 00:16:40.300 align:start position:0%
find the z-score with our formula Z
 

00:16:40.300 --> 00:16:47.129 align:start position:0%
find the z-score with our formula Z
equals<00:16:41.139><c> X</c><00:16:41.589><c> minus</c><00:16:42.130><c> mu</c><00:16:42.819><c> over</c><00:16:43.029><c> Sigma</c><00:16:45.060><c> so</c><00:16:46.060><c> Z</c><00:16:46.779><c> in</c><00:16:46.990><c> our</c>

00:16:47.129 --> 00:16:47.139 align:start position:0%
equals X minus mu over Sigma so Z in our
 

00:16:47.139 --> 00:16:57.740 align:start position:0%
equals X minus mu over Sigma so Z in our
case<00:16:47.500><c> is</c><00:16:47.889><c> 8</c><00:16:49.139><c> minus</c><00:16:50.139><c> 4</c><00:16:51.180><c> over</c><00:16:52.180><c> 2</c><00:16:53.910><c> which</c><00:16:54.910><c> gives</c><00:16:54.940><c> 2</c>

00:16:57.740 --> 00:16:57.750 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:16:57.750 --> 00:17:00.150 align:start position:0%
 
looking<00:16:58.750><c> at</c><00:16:58.899><c> the</c><00:16:58.990><c> Zed</c><00:16:59.170><c> table</c><00:16:59.620><c> we</c><00:16:59.709><c> find</c><00:16:59.740><c> out</c>

00:17:00.150 --> 00:17:00.160 align:start position:0%
looking at the Zed table we find out
 

00:17:00.160 --> 00:17:03.620 align:start position:0%
looking at the Zed table we find out
that<00:17:00.370><c> the</c><00:17:00.550><c> z-score</c><00:17:00.819><c> of</c><00:17:01.149><c> 2</c><00:17:02.190><c> corresponds</c><00:17:03.190><c> to</c>

00:17:03.620 --> 00:17:03.630 align:start position:0%
that the z-score of 2 corresponds to
 

00:17:03.630 --> 00:17:07.640 align:start position:0%
that the z-score of 2 corresponds to
naught<00:17:04.630><c> point</c><00:17:04.959><c> nine</c><00:17:05.439><c> seven</c><00:17:06.159><c> seven</c><00:17:06.760><c> two</c>

00:17:07.640 --> 00:17:07.650 align:start position:0%
naught point nine seven seven two
 

00:17:07.650 --> 00:17:12.029 align:start position:0%
naught point nine seven seven two
that<00:17:08.650><c> is</c><00:17:08.799><c> to</c><00:17:08.980><c> say</c><00:17:09.449><c> ninety</c><00:17:10.449><c> seven</c><00:17:10.839><c> point</c><00:17:11.079><c> seven</c>

00:17:12.029 --> 00:17:12.039 align:start position:0%
that is to say ninety seven point seven
 

00:17:12.039 --> 00:17:15.329 align:start position:0%
that is to say ninety seven point seven
two<00:17:12.429><c> percent</c><00:17:13.059><c> of</c><00:17:13.240><c> the</c><00:17:13.360><c> time</c><00:17:13.799><c> less</c><00:17:14.799><c> than</c><00:17:15.069><c> eight</c>

00:17:15.329 --> 00:17:15.339 align:start position:0%
two percent of the time less than eight
 

00:17:15.339 --> 00:17:17.579 align:start position:0%
two percent of the time less than eight
people<00:17:15.880><c> are</c><00:17:16.059><c> wanting</c><00:17:16.780><c> to</c><00:17:16.809><c> use</c><00:17:16.929><c> the</c><00:17:17.260><c> lift</c><00:17:17.470><c> at</c>

00:17:17.579 --> 00:17:17.589 align:start position:0%
people are wanting to use the lift at
 

00:17:17.589 --> 00:17:21.120 align:start position:0%
people are wanting to use the lift at
the<00:17:17.650><c> same</c><00:17:17.740><c> time</c><00:17:18.809><c> but</c><00:17:19.809><c> we</c><00:17:19.990><c> were</c><00:17:20.140><c> asked</c><00:17:20.589><c> what's</c>

00:17:21.120 --> 00:17:21.130 align:start position:0%
the same time but we were asked what's
 

00:17:21.130 --> 00:17:23.189 align:start position:0%
the same time but we were asked what's
the<00:17:21.339><c> proportion</c><00:17:21.549><c> of</c><00:17:22.150><c> the</c><00:17:22.270><c> time</c><00:17:22.539><c> that</c><00:17:22.780><c> more</c>

00:17:23.189 --> 00:17:23.199 align:start position:0%
the proportion of the time that more
 

00:17:23.199 --> 00:17:26.240 align:start position:0%
the proportion of the time that more
than<00:17:23.470><c> eight</c><00:17:23.709><c> people</c><00:17:24.010><c> wish</c><00:17:24.730><c> to</c><00:17:24.939><c> use</c><00:17:25.120><c> the</c><00:17:25.299><c> lift</c>

00:17:26.240 --> 00:17:26.250 align:start position:0%
than eight people wish to use the lift
 

00:17:26.250 --> 00:17:29.610 align:start position:0%
than eight people wish to use the lift
this<00:17:27.250><c> is</c><00:17:27.459><c> easy</c><00:17:27.669><c> to</c><00:17:27.909><c> calculate</c><00:17:28.169><c> since</c><00:17:29.169><c> the</c><00:17:29.350><c> area</c>

00:17:29.610 --> 00:17:29.620 align:start position:0%
this is easy to calculate since the area
 

00:17:29.620 --> 00:17:32.549 align:start position:0%
this is easy to calculate since the area
under<00:17:30.220><c> the</c><00:17:30.340><c> curve</c><00:17:30.669><c> is</c><00:17:30.940><c> one</c><00:17:31.390><c> or</c><00:17:31.870><c> a</c><00:17:32.200><c> hundred</c>

00:17:32.549 --> 00:17:32.559 align:start position:0%
under the curve is one or a hundred
 

00:17:32.559 --> 00:17:36.960 align:start position:0%
under the curve is one or a hundred
percent<00:17:33.240><c> then</c><00:17:34.240><c> the</c><00:17:34.360><c> proportion</c><00:17:34.780><c> of</c><00:17:35.610><c> eight</c><00:17:36.610><c> or</c>

00:17:36.960 --> 00:17:36.970 align:start position:0%
percent then the proportion of eight or
 

00:17:36.970 --> 00:17:39.680 align:start position:0%
percent then the proportion of eight or
more<00:17:37.360><c> people</c><00:17:37.750><c> wishing</c><00:17:38.350><c> to</c><00:17:38.500><c> use</c><00:17:38.530><c> the</c><00:17:38.799><c> lift</c><00:17:39.280><c> is</c>

00:17:39.680 --> 00:17:39.690 align:start position:0%
more people wishing to use the lift is
 

00:17:39.690 --> 00:17:44.399 align:start position:0%
more people wishing to use the lift is
exactly<00:17:40.690><c> one</c><00:17:41.409><c> -</c><00:17:42.309><c> naught</c><00:17:43.240><c> point</c><00:17:43.539><c> nine</c><00:17:43.900><c> seven</c>

00:17:44.399 --> 00:17:44.409 align:start position:0%
exactly one - naught point nine seven
 

00:17:44.409 --> 00:17:49.500 align:start position:0%
exactly one - naught point nine seven
seven<00:17:44.740><c> two</c><00:17:45.720><c> which</c><00:17:46.720><c> equals</c><00:17:47.549><c> null</c><00:17:48.549><c> point</c><00:17:48.940><c> zero</c>

00:17:49.500 --> 00:17:49.510 align:start position:0%
seven two which equals null point zero
 

00:17:49.510 --> 00:17:56.909 align:start position:0%
seven two which equals null point zero
two<00:17:49.570><c> three</c><00:17:50.110><c> or</c><00:17:52.080><c> two</c><00:17:53.080><c> point</c><00:17:53.440><c> three</c><00:17:53.590><c> percent</c><00:17:55.919><c> so</c>

00:17:56.909 --> 00:17:56.919 align:start position:0%
two three or two point three percent so
 

00:17:56.919 --> 00:17:59.100 align:start position:0%
two three or two point three percent so
it's<00:17:57.039><c> only</c><00:17:57.159><c> very</c><00:17:57.429><c> occasionally</c><00:17:57.850><c> that</c><00:17:58.840><c> more</c>

00:17:59.100 --> 00:17:59.110 align:start position:0%
it's only very occasionally that more
 

00:17:59.110 --> 00:18:00.960 align:start position:0%
it's only very occasionally that more
than<00:17:59.380><c> eight</c><00:17:59.679><c> people</c><00:18:00.010><c> will</c><00:18:00.370><c> turn</c><00:18:00.640><c> up</c><00:18:00.789><c> at</c><00:18:00.940><c> the</c>

00:18:00.960 --> 00:18:00.970 align:start position:0%
than eight people will turn up at the
 

00:18:00.970 --> 00:18:03.810 align:start position:0%
than eight people will turn up at the
same<00:18:01.270><c> time</c><00:18:01.570><c> to</c><00:18:01.780><c> use</c><00:18:01.960><c> the</c><00:18:02.140><c> lift</c><00:18:02.370><c> the</c><00:18:03.370><c> chances</c>

00:18:03.810 --> 00:18:03.820 align:start position:0%
same time to use the lift the chances
 

00:18:03.820 --> 00:18:07.289 align:start position:0%
same time to use the lift the chances
are<00:18:03.909><c> only</c><00:18:04.210><c> around</c><00:18:04.480><c> one</c><00:18:04.809><c> in</c><00:18:04.960><c> 50</c><00:18:05.669><c> notice</c><00:18:06.669><c> there</c>

00:18:07.289 --> 00:18:07.299 align:start position:0%
are only around one in 50 notice there
 

00:18:07.299 --> 00:18:09.120 align:start position:0%
are only around one in 50 notice there
are<00:18:07.419><c> normal</c><00:18:07.809><c> distribution</c><00:18:08.380><c> tables</c><00:18:08.799><c> giving</c>

00:18:09.120 --> 00:18:09.130 align:start position:0%
are normal distribution tables giving
 

00:18:09.130 --> 00:18:11.970 align:start position:0%
are normal distribution tables giving
p-values<00:18:09.880><c> greater</c><00:18:10.299><c> than</c><00:18:10.539><c> X</c><00:18:10.720><c> as</c><00:18:10.990><c> we</c><00:18:11.530><c> used</c><00:18:11.799><c> in</c>

00:18:11.970 --> 00:18:11.980 align:start position:0%
p-values greater than X as we used in
 

00:18:11.980 --> 00:18:14.640 align:start position:0%
p-values greater than X as we used in
our<00:18:12.070><c> first</c><00:18:12.429><c> example</c><00:18:13.059><c> and</c><00:18:13.380><c> tables</c><00:18:14.380><c> giving</c>

00:18:14.640 --> 00:18:14.650 align:start position:0%
our first example and tables giving
 

00:18:14.650 --> 00:18:17.549 align:start position:0%
our first example and tables giving
p-values<00:18:15.340><c> less</c><00:18:15.789><c> than</c><00:18:16.000><c> X</c><00:18:16.179><c> that</c><00:18:16.870><c> we've</c><00:18:17.080><c> used</c><00:18:17.289><c> to</c>

00:18:17.549 --> 00:18:17.559 align:start position:0%
p-values less than X that we've used to
 

00:18:17.559 --> 00:18:22.039 align:start position:0%
p-values less than X that we've used to
solve<00:18:17.799><c> our</c><00:18:17.980><c> lift</c><00:18:18.280><c> problem</c>

00:18:22.039 --> 00:18:22.049 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:18:22.049 --> 00:18:25.169 align:start position:0%
 
we<00:18:23.049><c> began</c><00:18:23.350><c> by</c><00:18:23.409><c> saying</c><00:18:23.860><c> that</c><00:18:24.399><c> aircraft</c><00:18:24.580><c> have</c><00:18:25.149><c> to</c>

00:18:25.169 --> 00:18:25.179 align:start position:0%
we began by saying that aircraft have to
 

00:18:25.179 --> 00:18:27.450 align:start position:0%
we began by saying that aircraft have to
operate<00:18:25.720><c> within</c><00:18:25.990><c> a</c><00:18:26.139><c> wide</c><00:18:26.379><c> margin</c><00:18:26.740><c> of</c><00:18:27.190><c> error</c><00:18:27.370><c> to</c>

00:18:27.450 --> 00:18:27.460 align:start position:0%
operate within a wide margin of error to
 

00:18:27.460 --> 00:18:30.930 align:start position:0%
operate within a wide margin of error to
ensure<00:18:27.970><c> safety</c><00:18:28.799><c> an</c><00:18:29.799><c> understanding</c><00:18:30.700><c> of</c><00:18:30.820><c> the</c>

00:18:30.930 --> 00:18:30.940 align:start position:0%
ensure safety an understanding of the
 

00:18:30.940 --> 00:18:33.659 align:start position:0%
ensure safety an understanding of the
normal<00:18:31.419><c> distribution</c><00:18:32.129><c> makes</c><00:18:33.129><c> that</c><00:18:33.460><c> very</c>

00:18:33.659 --> 00:18:33.669 align:start position:0%
normal distribution makes that very
 

00:18:33.669 --> 00:18:35.239 align:start position:0%
normal distribution makes that very
clear

00:18:35.239 --> 00:18:35.249 align:start position:0%
clear
 

00:18:35.249 --> 00:18:37.649 align:start position:0%
clear
but<00:18:36.249><c> as</c><00:18:36.370><c> we</c><00:18:36.490><c> shall</c><00:18:36.669><c> see</c><00:18:36.850><c> in</c><00:18:36.970><c> our</c><00:18:37.090><c> next</c><00:18:37.480><c> film</c>

00:18:37.649 --> 00:18:37.659 align:start position:0%
but as we shall see in our next film
 

00:18:37.659 --> 00:18:39.389 align:start position:0%
but as we shall see in our next film
there<00:18:37.929><c> are</c><00:18:37.960><c> many</c><00:18:38.230><c> other</c><00:18:38.409><c> examples</c><00:18:39.129><c> of</c><00:18:39.220><c> data</c>

00:18:39.389 --> 00:18:39.399 align:start position:0%
there are many other examples of data
 

00:18:39.399 --> 00:18:41.369 align:start position:0%
there are many other examples of data
that<00:18:40.029><c> will</c><00:18:40.240><c> conform</c><00:18:40.600><c> to</c><00:18:40.720><c> a</c><00:18:40.899><c> normal</c>

00:18:41.369 --> 00:18:41.379 align:start position:0%
that will conform to a normal
 

00:18:41.379 --> 00:18:44.489 align:start position:0%
that will conform to a normal
distribution<00:18:41.649><c> not</c><00:18:42.610><c> just</c><00:18:42.820><c> weight</c><00:18:43.379><c> so</c><00:18:44.379><c> the</c>

00:18:44.489 --> 00:18:44.499 align:start position:0%
distribution not just weight so the
 

00:18:44.499 --> 00:18:46.320 align:start position:0%
distribution not just weight so the
techniques<00:18:44.919><c> based</c><00:18:45.249><c> on</c><00:18:45.429><c> such</c><00:18:45.639><c> a</c><00:18:45.669><c> distribution</c>

00:18:46.320 --> 00:18:46.330 align:start position:0%
techniques based on such a distribution
 

00:18:46.330 --> 00:18:49.980 align:start position:0%
techniques based on such a distribution
or<00:18:46.539><c> widespread</c><00:18:47.499><c> use</c><00:18:48.100><c> across</c><00:18:49.090><c> the</c><00:18:49.600><c> social</c>

00:18:49.980 --> 00:18:49.990 align:start position:0%
or widespread use across the social
 

00:18:49.990 --> 00:19:06.870 align:start position:0%
or widespread use across the social
sciences

00:19:06.870 --> 00:19:06.880 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:19:06.880 --> 00:19:11.510 align:start position:0%
 
Oh

00:19:11.510 --> 00:19:11.520 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:19:11.520 --> 00:19:13.580 align:start position:0%
 
you